[Transcript] ATA Continuing Education Series Podcast – Episode 15 – Translating Toponyms

ATA French Language Division Podcast
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Episode 15: Translating Toponyms

Angela Benoit: Hello and welcome to the continuing educational series, a podcast produced by the French Language division of the American Translators Association, produced as a benefit for our members and those interested in joining us. Our series strives to offer educational content about the craft of French to English and English to French translation, and about our division. I am your host, Angela Benoit.

It is my pleasure today to welcome a very special guest, André Racicot. André is a retired English to French translator, editor, terminologist, and trainer for the Translation Bureau of the Government of Canada. He focused on the translation of foreign geographical names. He’s published a List of Names for Countries, Capitals and Inhabitants in 2000 that was integrated into the style guide of the Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs. You can visit him on Twitter or contact him through his website, and we will publish the links to his Twitter account and website on the blog post that accompanies this episode. André, bonjour et bienvenue. Merci d’avoir accepté notre invitation aujourd’hui pour parler des toponymes.

André Racicot : Bonjour. Oui. Alors ma spécialité, en quelque sorte, lorsque j’ai œuvré au Bureau de la Traduction pendant presque une trentaine d’années, c’était justement de traduire les toponymes. Et j’en ai fait en quelque sorte une vocation.

Angela Benoit : Et quelle est la chose que vous avez constatée par rapport aux toponymes et à leur gestion, à leur prise en charge par les dictionnaires grand public et spécialisés pour les traducteurs que nous connaissons tous.

André Racicot : J’ai constaté assez rapidement que les dictionnaires français comportent de nombreuses insuffisances. Quand vous regardez la partie « Noms communs », habituellement, les dictionnaires essaient de vous ouvrir le chemin, d’aller au-devant des difficultés. Par exemple, « chausse-trappe », on va vous préciser qu’il y a une graphie avec un p et un autre avec un double p. Pour les noms composés, on va généralement indiquer la forme plurielle parce que les règles sont assez difficiles parfois à saisir. Mais quand vous allez dans la partie « Noms propres », et que vous cherchez des noms, d’État, de pays, de ville et tout ça, on entre dans une zone floue. On dirait que les dictionnaires ne veulent pas du tout nous aider et font en quelque sorte un service minimum. Et pourtant, on s’attendrait au même service, si on veut, du côté des noms propres.

Angela Benoit : Et pourtant, nous traducteurs, sommes amenés à chercher des toponymes parfois obscurs, peu connus, dans des endroits reculés que nous connaissons mal. Donc, est-ce que vous pouvez nous parler un petit peu plus de la façon dont nous allons approcher ce problème ?

André Racicot : Oui, c’est ça. Ce qui arrive, c’est qu’il y a des noms très, très connus, évidemment, et ceux-là ne posent pas vraiment de problème. Mais si vous cherchez le nom d’une province mexicaine, d’une région en Afghanistan ou en Suède, qu’importe, très souvent, le genre grammatical n’est pas indiqué et même s’il est indiqué, c’est sous une forme raccourcie, nom masculin, nom féminin. Et le problème, c’est que ça ne dit pas tout : loin de là. Ça laisse beaucoup de choses dans l’ambiguïté. Bien entendu, quand on parle de toponymes très connus, « le » Nicaragua ou « la » Polynésie, il n’y a aucun problème. Mais je me rappelle qu’il y a une trentaine d’années, lorsque je travaillais à Radio-Canada, on cherchait désespérément le genre grammatical d’Iran et d’Israël. Et ça ne se trouvait pas dans les dictionnaires. Et on sait très bien qu’Israël ne prend pas d’article et l’Iran en prend un. Et on trouvait ça assez aberrant que Le Larousse et Le Robert ne soient pas plus explicites à ce sujet-là. Et le fait de préciser qu’un nom est masculin ou féminin, ça règle une partie du problème. L’autre partie du problème, c’est, un, l’article. Est-ce que ça prend l’article ou pas ? Bon, tout le monde sait que pour Cuba et Haïti, ça n’en prend pas.

Mais quand on arrive à des entités plus exotiques, c’est beaucoup moins clair. Et l’autre problème, c’est une petite parenthèse, c’est le gentilé, le nom des habitants. Si vous allez voir la Grèce vous découvrez que le gentilé, c’est les Grecs, évidemment. Or la forme féminine de Grec, tout comme pour la Turquie, les Turques, elle est irrégulière. Avec Grecque, G-r-e-c-q-u-e, tandis que Turque, une Turque, T-u-r-q-u-e. Et ça pose un problème, le féminin, parce qu’il y a des formes qui ne sont pas si claires que ça. Vous avez le Kenya par exemple. Les habitants, c’est des Kényans, Kényanes. Et la question qui se pose est : « est-ce qu’on double le ‘n’ en français  ? Et là encore, ce n’est pas précisé. Il faut se reporter à la section « noms communs ». Allez voir kényan ou grec pour voir enfin la forme féminine. Alors là encore, les dictionnaires ne font rien pour nous aider. Au contraire, ils nous forcent à fouiller à gauche et à droite pour y arriver et réunir tous les renseignements. Et ça ne devrait pas du tout être comme ça.

Angela Benoit : Oui, effectivement, il faut qu’on fasse quatre recherches pour trouver un nom, un nom, ou un adjectif. On perd beaucoup de temps.

André Racicot : Perfectly, oui. Effectivement.

Angela Benoit : Parlez-moi du cas de la Grande Bretagne : on en a discuté en préparant cet épisode. C’est un cas qui illustre beaucoup de points de ce problème. Dites-nous en un petit peu plus.

André Racicot : Ouais, ben, c’est ça la Grande Bretagne, c’est un pays qui est proche de la France. Et quand on parle de traduction des toponymes, je pense qu’on pourrait y revenir tantôt, ce qu’on constate, c’est que les toponymes qui sont le plus souvent traduits sont ceux des régions proches de la France, soit des pays avec qui la France a eu des rapports rapprochés, si on veut. La Grande Bretagne, c’est un pays qui est proche de la France, c’est de l’autre côté de la Manche. Il y a eu la conquête normande en 1066, le français est devenu la langue de la couronne britannique, et il y a eu un mélange des deux langues entre la langue populaire, qui était le vieil anglais, et la langue française, ce qui fait que les deux langues ont beaucoup de points communs.

Il y a énormément de faux-amis entre l’anglais et le français, et l’anglais est une langue germanique qui est extrêmement francisée, beaucoup plus francisée que l’allemand ou le néerlandais. On a même dit que l’anglais, c’était en quelque sorte du néerlandais brodé de français. Il y a eu, on le sait, beaucoup de tensions entre la Grande Bretagne et la France. Il y a eu la guerre de 100 Ans, il y a eu une espèce d’antagonisme entre les deux. Je pense, moi, que les deux peuples français et britannique s’admirent mutuellement mais n’osent pas trop le dire. Et l’un dénigre continuellement l’autre. En tout cas, bon, finalement, il y a eu un rapprochement avec l’Entente Cordiale en 1904. Les deux pays ont lutté côte à côte contre l’Allemagne.

Pourtant, malgré cette évidente complicité historique, il y a très peu de toponymes en Grande Bretagne qui ont été traduits. Et ça, c’est assez curieux. Oui, dans les grandes villes, vous avez Londres et Edimbourg. Mais si vous cherchez dans les autres villes, Manchester, York, Birmingham, Cambridge, Oxford, il n’y a pas de traduction. Il n’y en a aucune en fait. Et en ancien français, Westminster s’appelait Ouestmoutier. Mais évidemment, ça fait très longtemps que ça a disparu. Et quand on regarde les régions, il y en a très peu. Il y a l’Angleterre, l’Écosse, Pays de Galles, la Cornouailles avec un s, et l’Irlande du Nord. Mais quand vous regardez les grandes régions, vous avez les Highlands, les Highlands, parfois appelées Hautes Terres, mais c’est très rare.

Mais le reste, le Yorkshire, le Kent, le Dorset, là encore, il n’y a pas de traduction. Et en fait, c’est plutôt l’anglais qui s’est beaucoup inspiré du français. Je l’ai dit tantôt l’anglais est une langue très, très francisée, et vous avez des appellations à Londres qui sont assez amusantes parce que, en réalité, elles viennent du français. Alors, par exemple, si vous allez dans Hyde Park, vous avez Rotten Row. C’est un non-sens, une route pourrie. À quoi ça rime ? Bien, c’est une déformation du français route du roi, tout simplement parce que Hyde Park était un domaine royal au Moyen-Âge. Vous avez Piccadilly Circus. Piccadilly, à quel mot français ça vous fait penser_00:47:28_ Pas évident ?

Angela Benoit : À la Picardie, peut-être ? Je dis ça complétement en l’air.

André Racicot : Non, des peccadilles, ma chère. Donc, c’est le rond-point des peccadilles parce qu’on vendait toutes sortes de breloques à cette époque.

Angela Benoit : D’accord…

André Racicot : Alors, Picadilly. Pardon ?

Angela Benoit : La ligne a sauté un petit peu, allez-y, je vous écoute

André Racicot : Oui, une autre appellation à Londres, vous avez Elephant and Castle. Et ça, il faut vraiment se gratter la tête. C’est une déformation de Infante de Castille. Alors là, on voit que l’anglais a été beaucoup influencé par le français. Et ce qui est assez amusant de nos jours, c’est qu’on a des mots d’ancien français qui sont passés en anglais et qui reviennent en français. Je vous donne l’exemple du tennis. Le tennis, ce n’est rien d’autre que le jeu de paume français. Donc, on peut dire en forçant un peu que les Français ont inventé le tennis. Et au jeu de paume, quand vous tendiez la balle à l’adversaire, vous disiez tout simplement « tenez. » Et tennis vient du Français tenez. Évidemment, les Britanniques ont développé le sport que l’on connaît aujourd’hui et par rebond, le mot tennis est revenu en français pour désigner un type de chaussure athlétique. Alors vous avez des mots comme ça qui ont voyagé un peu d’une langue à l’autre. ? Mais il n’en demeure pas moins, pour résumer le cas de la Grande Bretagne, qu’il y a finalement en Grande Bretagne au niveau de la toponymie, il y a très, très peu de traductions.

Angela Benoit : Intéressant. J’aurais jamais imaginé pour tennis, mais c’est finalement une petite partie de ping pong que ce mot a fait entre les deux pays.

André Racicot : C’est ça.

Angela Benoit : Passons ensuite au prochain thème, le changement d’aspect en traduisant un toponyme ?

André Racicot : Oui, oui. Le changement d’aspect, oui. Ce qui arrive, c’est qu’il y a des appellations qui sont, qui ont varié un petit peu dans leur traduction, c’est à dire qui ne sont pas tout à fait pareilles en anglais et en français. Je vous donne quelques exemples. Vous allez comprendre assez vite. Si on parle par exemple du Straight of Dover en Angleterre, on ne dirait pas le Détroit de Douvres. Il n’y aura pas une traduction intégrale de l’anglais. On ne suit pas la démarche de l’anglais. Et en français, ça s’appelle le Pas de Calais, et on voit que la façon, le référent, si on veut, en anglais, c’est évidemment Dover, Douvres, et en français, le référent devient un mot français, qui est Calais.

On voit un petit peu le même phénomène avec Bay of Biscaye, qui en français devient le Golfe de Gascogne. Alors on voit que le référent a changé. Le référent est français, tandis que, à l’origine en anglais, le référent est d’Espagne. La notion de Bay devient en français un Golfe parce qu’il y a une certaine différence en français entre une baie et un golfe. Un golfe, c’est beaucoup plus gros. En anglais, on ne semble pas faire la nuance. Un peu comme river, qui peut être un fleuve ou une rivière. On a Bay of Bengal, ça devient en français le Golfe du Bengale. Le même phénomène pour Channel of Corfou, qui devient en français le Détroit de Malte et non plus Corfou. Là, voyez non seulement un Canal; Channel ici, devient un Détroit parce qu’il ne s’agit pas d’une construction humaine, donc, on ne peut pas parler de Canal comme on parle du Canal de Suez ou du Canal de Panama. Mais ici, on aboutit à un détroit.

Angela Benoit : C’est incroyable le nombre de questions qu’on se pose, pourrait se poser ou qu’on ne se pose pas en regardant les cartes d’Europe, que pourtant ’on a tous l’habitude de consulter. Passons ensuite aux noms des pays qui changent, justement. Qu’est-ce que vous pouvez nous dire à ce sujet ?

André Racicot : Ouais, c’est ça. Il y a beaucoup de noms de pays qui ont évolué et souvent c’est à cause de la décolonisation. Dans les empires français et britannique, les empires coloniaux, ce sont des [inaudible] au 20ème siècle, ce qui fait que la Rhodésie, par exemple, a adopté un nom plus authentique, si on veut, qui n’est plus d’origine britannique et s’est appelée Zimbabwe. Il y en a une autre partie qui a pris le nom de Zambie. Le Sud-Ouest Africain, bon, nom très occidental est devenu la Namibie. C’est une ancienne colonie allemande. Le Zaïre, l’ancien Congo Belge, est devenu maintenant La République Démocratique du Congo. Et ce qui est intéressant, c’est que tous ces changements d’appellation sont assimilés en français, sont acceptés. Il n’y a personne qui va se mettre à parler de La Rhodésie à la place du Zimbabwe.

Là où ça devient intéressant, c’est d’observer du côté français une certaine réticence vis à vis de nouvelles appellations. Par exemple, la Macédoine, qui est une région de Grèce mais aussi un ancien État yougoslave, a finalement adopté l’appellation Macédoine du Nord, pour ne pas fâcher les Grecs. Ça va passer sans problème dans les dictionnaires, ça va. Mais un cas patent de résistance, c’est La Biélorussie. Lors de l’effondrement de l’empire soviétique, il y a une quinzaine de républiques qui sont devenues des états souverains. Et La Biélorussie a changé son nom officiellement aux Nations Unies et s’appelle maintenant Le Bélarus, qu’on aime ça ou pas. Ce qui est assez curieux, c’est que les dictionnaires français ne semblent pas avoir pris en compte ce changement de nom. L’entrée principale est toujours Biélorussie, et ils disent en biélorusse /Bjélarus/. C’est comme ça que ça se prononce. Alors c’est assez curieux parce que l’appellation Bélarus n’est pas très, très usitée en français, alors qu’en anglais on accepte plus volontiers les changements de noms et on parle beaucoup plus souvent du Belarus en anglais. Alors il y a une espèce de résistance française devant certaines appellations qui sont traditionnelles et qu’on emploie depuis des siècles.

Et là, je vous amène en Inde : Bombay, qui s’appelle maintenant Mumbai; Calcutta, qui est devenue Kolkata; et Madras, qui est devenue Chennai. Les appellations indiquées par les Indiens, adoptés par les Indiens, et qui sont des changements de nom officiels sont reprises dans les médias anglais. Mais en français, si vous ouvrez un dictionnaire, vous avez encore l’entrée principale à Bombay, Calcutta et Madras. Et ce n’est que récemment que j’ai pu observer dans la presse française, et ça englobe la francophonie, aussi bien le Canada que l’Europe ou l’Afrique, que le terme Mumbai semblait se glisser peu à peu dans les textes français. Alors qu’il s’agit bel et bien d’un changement de nom officiel. Alors ça, c’est un phénomène qui est assez curieux où on voit qu’il y a peut-être un certain traditionalisme en français. On abandonne moins volontiers certaines appellations qu’on est habitué de voir, même si le nom officiel d’un État ou d’une ville a changé.

Angela Benoit : Et vous dîtes, juste pour la petite, juste pour faire l’essai pendant que vous nous présentiez le cas de la Biélorussie, ou de Bélarus, et de Bombay ou Mumbai. J’ai pris la liberté de taper rapidement Larousse et Bombay, Mumbai pour voir ce qu’il en sortait sur internet. Eh bien, je vais vous lire la définition.

André Racicot : Oui.

Angela Benoit : C’est L’Encyclopédie Larousse, qui nous dit ça. Depuis 1976, son nom officiel en langue marathi.

André Racicot : Oui.

Angela Benoit : Je ne sais même pas comment le prononcer, est Mumbai, mais la ville est encore souvent désignée sous son ancien nom de Bombay. Donc, même Le Larousse essaye de faire perdurer l’ancien nom. C’est à se demander pourquoi. J’avoue que je ne m’étais jamais posé la question, mais il faudrait effectivement qu’on se mette à utiliser Mumbai comme tout le monde.

André Racicot : Oui, pour ce qui est du Larousse, je tiens à dire que c’est peut-être le dictionnaire le plus fiable pour l’exactitude des graphies, les bonnes appellations et Le Larousse, généralement, reflète assez bien ce qui se dit dans la francophonie quant aux graphies et aux termes employés. Donc, vous voyez que Le Larousse hésite encore à abandonner Bombay.

Angela Benoit : Oui, et pour le cas précédent, effectivement, l’entrée est sous le nom de Biélorussie.

André Racicot : Hum. Ouais, ça ne me surprend pas du tout. Je ne pense pas que ça va changer demain matin.

Angela Benoit : Et sur cette fiche lui-même, on ne fait même pas mention des deux noms, c’est à dire qu’il précise seulement qu’en Biélorussie et en russe, Bélarus, anciennement Russie Blanche, mais rien de plus. On ne fait pas mention du dit nouveau nom.

André Racicot : Non, c’est incroyable et ça fait quand même depuis 1991, je pense, que le Bélarus a adopté ce nom-là. Et encore, une génération plus tard, on s’en tient à la Biélorussie.

Angela Benoit : Oui, c’est dingue ça. Et bien passons au sujet suivant : l’attribution d’un genre grammatical à des toponymes non traduits. Je vous avoue que c’est un problème auquel j’ai été souvent confrontée parce que j’ai fait beaucoup de traductions dans le tourisme et l’hôtellerie. On parle beaucoup de grandes villes, de petites villes, de petits villages, de petites régions. Et la question du genre grammatical se pose systématiquement.

André Racicot : Oui, j’ai peut-être deux exemples à vous donner. Il y a cette région du Mexique qu’on appelait le Chiapas, qui a été, qui a défrayé les manchettes il y a déjà un bon bout de temps. Quand vous regardiez dans les éditions antérieures des dictionnaires, il n’y avait aucun genre grammatical. Donc, on était laissé dans le vide. Est-ce qu’il faut dire le Chiapas, la Chiapas, est-ce qu’on met un article, est-ce qu’on n’en met pas ? Là encore, le lecteur francophone était dans le flou. Depuis lors, les dictionnaires sont devenus un peu plus précis et on vous indique généreusement maintenant que c’est un nom masculin. Mais encore là, la question de l’article se pose. Et justement, j’ai consulté Le Robert et Le Larousse hier. Et il faut aller dans le corps du texte pour arriver à trouver si effectivement on dit le Chiapas, et dans un paragraphe, on voit qu’on dit le Chiapas. Et ça me ramène à la situation dont je parlais tantôt, de se battre avec ces dictionnaires.

Je vous donne un autre exemple comme ça. Vous avez Bahreïn, qui est un émirat, Bahreïn, on a dit que c’était un nom masculin et on entend souvent le Bahreïn, or Bahreïn ne prend pas d’article, mais ce n’est pas indiqué dans les dictionnaires. Et là encore, comme Chiapas, il faut aller dans le corps du texte pour trouver un endroit où on va dire « Bahreïn est situé à l’est de la péninsule arabique ». Et l’autre problème que ça amène, le fait de ne pas préciser si on met l’article ou pas, c’est que ça a des répercussions sur devinez quoi ? Les prépositions !. Alors, si je vous dis Bahreïn, qu’est-ce qu’on dit, à Bahreïn, au Bahreïn ou en Bahreïn  ? Et vous hésitez probablement, comme tout le monde, parce que ce n’est pas clair.

Angela Benoit : Et j’ai une pensée émue pour nos collègues qui sont interprètes et qui doivent décider dans l’instant sans pouvoir consulter un dictionnaire, sans pouvoir se retourner et demander à un collègue, [??], du coup parce que j’ai hésité et parce qu’on est en train d’enregistrer un épisode, je ne saurai quoi vous répondre.

André Racicot : Eh bien voilà, voilà. Si je vous avais dit Guatemala, vous m’auriez répondu tout de suite au Guatemala, si je vous avais dit la Tasmanie, vous m’auriez dit en Tasmanie. Mais voilà, avec Bahreïn, comme il n’y a pas d’article, on hésite. Et même pour des toponymes connus, comme Cuba, on dit à Cuba, mais quand vous arrivez à Haïti, est-ce qu’on dit à Haïti ou en Haïti ? Et là, c’est un autre problème, on n’est pas sûr et il n’y a pas un dictionnaire qui va vous donner la solution. Et en fait, les Haïtiens disent en Haïti. Pourquoi ? Parce que c’est un h qui n’est pas aspiré. Et à ce moment-là on a tendance à faire la liaison. Mais ce n’est pas évident. C’est pas écrit nulle part. Alors, ce qui n’est pas clair pour Bahreïn, ce qui n’est pas clair pour d’autres toponymes, vous imaginez bien que, quand vous abordez des régions inconnues et qu’on ne précise pas le genre grammatical, la tendance lourde que j’ai pu observer, c’est de mettre le masculin.

Prenons par exemple une région de Suède, le Småland, le dictionnaire, je pense, nous dit que c’est un nom masculin. Mais notre tendance naturelle, c’est de mettre un article, tout simplement. On est porté à ne pas mettre d’article quand il s’agit du nom du Nil par exemple, ce qui est justement le cas de Cuba. En ce moment-là, on ne met pas d’article. Mais là encore, ce n’est pas clair, clair dans les dictionnaires. Allez-vous perdre dans Le Grevisse pour essayer de trouver des règles et Grevisse va observer une certaine tendance pour telle chose, une tendance contraire pour autre chose. Et cela, on est un peu laissé dans l’expectative. Alors là encore, même Le Grevisse ne vient pas vraiment régler la question. En fait, ce n’est pas clair du tout.

Angela Benoit : Ça ne nous facilite pas la vie tout ça. Passons ensuite à la translittération des toponymes venant de langues ne s’écrivant pas en caractères romains. Nous avons notamment parlé, pendant la préparation de cet épisode, du russe ?

André Racicot : Oui bon, la translittération c’est un terme un peu scientifique et probablement que ça ne dit pas grand-chose au lecteur, à moins justement de s’être mesuré à la langue russe, si je peux parler ainsi. La translittération, qu’est-ce que c’est ? En clair, c’est qu’il y a beaucoup de langues qui ne s’écrivent pas en caractères latins. Il y a divers alphabets dans le monde. Le russe a adopté l’alphabet cyrillique et il y a le géorgien, le thaï, le coréen qui ont des alphabets distincts. Le problème, c’est que les noms russes…

Angela Benoit : [inaudible].

André Racicot : Oui.

Angela Benoit : Il faut bien, pourtant, il faut bien qu’on puisse en parler en français de ces endroits. Il faut qu’on puisse les écrire aussi.

André Racicot : Ben c’est justement ça. Alors si vous parlez, c’est parti de la langue russe, évidemment. C’est écrit en cyrillique. Il faut donc écrire des noms russes en français, en anglais, en polonais, en hongrois, et ainsi de suite, en alphabet latin. Et l’exemple le plus évident que je puis vous donner, et qui montre qu’on ne transcrit pas les sons de la même façon d’une langue à l’autre, c’est le cas de Vladimir Poutine. Qui est un cas éclatant, si je peux dire, parce que si vous lisez la presse française, vous allez lire P-o-u-t-i-n-e, ça se dit /Poutine/. On reproduit le son russe, /Poutine/. Mais quand vous arrivez en anglais, si vous lisez la presse anglaise, vous allez être un peu surpris de lire P-u-t-i-n. Alors on voit tout de suite qu’on ne peut pas prendre la graphie à l’anglaise de Poutine et la mettre dans un texte français, on aurait Putin. C’est un cas…

Angela Benoit : C’est un peu gênant.

André Racicot : C’est un peu gênant, oui. Peut-être qu’on aurait une note diplomatique de l’Ambassade de Russie. Mais bon, ce phénomène-là ne touche pas uniquement le président russe. En fait, tous les noms russes s’écrivent d’une manière différente en anglais, en français, en allemand parce que les sons ne sont pas transcrits de la même manière. Je vais me concentrer sur trois sons, le son /ch/, le son /tch/ et le /j/ français. Le son /ch/, si vous avez Chostakovitch, vous allez dans—chez un disquaire francophone et dans l’ordre alphabétique il sera à la lettre C, C-h-o, parce le son /ch/ en français s’écrit c-h-o. Mais si vous allez chez un disquaire anglais, il sera à la lettre H,  parce que le son /ch/ c’écrit sh, ce qui veut dire que Chostakovitch en français et en anglais, ce qui n’est pas tout à fait de la même façon, et le son /tch/ à la fin sera écrit t-c-h en français et c-h en anglais. Et ça c’est un cas qui est assez flagrant. Et ça touche aussi les écrivains, les personnalités. Tolstoï va s’écrire o-ï en français, mais pas o-y comme en anglais parce que, en français, on lirait /Tolstoi/. De la même manière, Dostoïevski, Pouchkine, P-o-u-c-h-k-i-n-e en français, mais en anglais est P-u-s-h-k-i-n. Le e muet en français évite de dire /Pouchkin/ comme on écrit Lénine, Staline et ainsi de suite. Ce qui veut dire finalement que le russe, mais aussi l’ukrainien, le biélorusse et tout ça, et l’ensemble des langues de l’ancien empire de Russie, et plus tard de l’empire soviétique, par tradition, en français, on va les translittérer selon une graphie française. Ce qui veut dire que, ce que vous lisez dans un journal anglais, ce n’est pas écrit de la même façon que dans un journal français.

Pour les traducteurs, ça pose un sacré problème. En Europe, on est très, très conscient de cette question-là. Il y a une tradition francophile en Russie qui fait que, en français, on a toujours mis un certain soin à écrire leurs noms, les noms russes, correctement en français. Mais au Canada français, c’est une problématique qui est largement ignorée. Les rédacteurs, les journalistes ne semblent pas du tout conscients du phénomène, ce qui fait que, bien sûr, ils vont écrire Poutine correctement pour ne pas se ridiculiser. Mais quand c’est des noms plus obscurs, un général russe ou bon un porte-parole de l’ambassade, ils vont souvent reprendre la graphie anglaise sans se poser de questions. C’est d’ailleurs ce qu’a fait Radio-Canada il y a quelques jours avec le président ukrainien Porochenko, qu’on écrit avec un sh à Radio-Canada au lieu d’un ch. C’est des erreurs qui sont très courantes au Canada, mais en France par exemple, ce n’est pas une chose qu’on va faire. Ce n’est pas le genre d’erreur qu’on va commettre, tout simplement.

Alors pour les traducteurs, ça devient compliqué parce qu’on traduit de l’anglais au français. Et ce qui arrive, c’est que les traducteurs vont lire des noms russes écrits à l’anglaise, et il va falloir les retransformer de façon à ce qu’ils aient une graphie française. Or, il n’existe aucun moyen d’y parvenir, sauf une table de translittération que j’ai créée quand j’étais au ministère des Affaires Étrangères du Canada. Et cette table-là part d’une graphie anglaise d’un nom russe et la transforme en graphie française. Cette table-là se trouve maintenant dans le guide du rédacteur de l’administration fédérale au Canada. Et c’est le seul outil, à ce que je sache, qui permette de faire cette conversion. Parce qu’autrement, si vous cherchez des documentations sur la langue russe, on va vous montrer comment Pouchkine s’écrit en cyrillique et comment on doit l’écrire en français. Mais nous, on ne part pas du cyrillique, on part d’une graphie anglaise. C’est un problème très particulier.

Angela Benoit : Oui, effectivement. Passons du russe, passons au cas particulier du chinois, qui présente lui aussi des difficultés auxquelles les traducteurs francophones vont devoir se confronter…

André Racicot : Oui, le chinois, c’est un cas très, très particulier. On sait que c’est une langue écrite, en idéogrammes, donc c’est pas du tout des caractères latins. Pendant longtemps, il y a eu un système de translittération qui s’appelait le Wade-Giles et qui aboutissait en français à certaines graphies et à d’autres graphies en anglais. De sorte que les noms chinois, un peu comme le russe, s’écrivaient de manière différente, que ce soit en anglais, en français, en allemand ou dans d’autres langues à caractères latins. Au début des années 70, je pense que c’est en ’72, les Chinois ont décidé d’adopter le système de transcription pinyin, qui uniformise les graphies dans les langues occidentales, ce qui signifie que dorénavant, par exemple, Mao Tsé Toung doit s’écrire exactement de la même manière en allemand, en français ou en anglais. C’est ce qui fait que le nom du président chinois Xi Jinping s’écrit de la même façon dans toutes les langues.

Évidemment, ça va faciliter la vie des rédacteurs occidentaux, mais ça va entraîner des transformations assez spectaculaires de noms très connus. Et ici, on ne parle pas uniquement des noms de lieux. Vous avez le fameux Pékin, Beijing, qui est apparu justement à cette époque-là. Et on pourrait presque parler d’antagonisme chez les francophones parce que là encore, c’est le même phénomène qu’avec Mumbai ou la Biélorussie. Les francophones ont gardé l’appellation Pékin, alors que du côté anglophone, on a adopté Beijing. Et ce n’est pas une faute en soi de parler de Beijing en français, c’est le nom de la ville, mais là encore, c’est une appellation qui s’étend sur des siècles. Pékin, on veut la conserver. La ville de Nankin devenue Nanjing, et Canton, méconnaissable, qui s’écrit maintenant G-u-a-n-g-z-h-o-u, ça se prononce probablement quelque chose comme /Guanjou/ ou /Guanzou/, je ne sais pas trop. Mais toujours est-il que cette graphie-là a changé, et encore une fois dans les dictionnaires français, les entrées sont toujours à Pékin, Nankin, et Canton.

Ce n’est pas uniquement les toponymes qui sont affectés par ça. Les noms de célébrités, les noms de personnes ont vu leur graphie changer de façon assez radicale : Mao Tsé Toung, qui s’écrivait en trois mots en français, s’écrit maintenant deux mots, et Mao s’étaient toujours de la même façon, mais le Tsé Toung est devenu Z-e-d-o-n-g. Donc moi je lis /Zedong/. Le philosophe Lao Tsu en deux mots devient Laozi, L-a-o-z-i. Et là, le problème aussi, c’est que c’est la prononciation. Je me suis adressé à un spécialiste quand j’étais aux Affaires Étrangères. Il me disait que finalement, les graphies du pinyin ne sont pas vraiment phonétiques, que des lettres peuvent changer de prononciation selon qu’elles sont précédées par une lettre ou une autre. C’est un petit peu comme le français avec le s qui devient z entre deux voyelles. Ces graphies-là finalement sont assez déroutantes, et il faut savoir exactement comment les prononcer. Donc, oui, uniformisation des graphies,  c’est plus sain. Mais pour ce qui est de la prononciation, ça demeure toujours aussi mystérieux malheureusement. Et le chinois ? C’est un cas particulier parce que les autres langues asiatiques, le japonais, par exemple, le thaï, on a tendance à translittérer vers l’anglais.

La translittération ce n’est pas une loi universelle, on l’applique surtout pour les pays de l’ancien empire soviétique. Mais quand on a des noms au Pakistan, en Inde et tout ça, la tendance lourde, c’est de translittérer vers le français. Et même certains noms russes n’y échappent pas. Les vedettes de sport, par exemple, comme Maria Sharapova, si elle avait joué au tennis dans les années 30 ou 40, en France on aurait écrit C-h-a-r-a-p-o-v-a. Or aujourd’hui on l’écrit avec le Sh, qui est évidemment une translittération vers l’anglais. Et vous avez un autre joueur de tennis, Andreï Roublev, écrit à l’anglaise, Andrey, c’est d-r-e-y. Et en français, ça devrait normalement être d-r-e-ï; et Roublev, R-o-u-b-l-e-v, on écrit R-u-b-l-e-v. Alors on voit déjà qu’il y a des petits accrocs comme ça dans le monde du sport. Bon, le cas le plus aberrant, puisqu’on peut poursuivre un peu sur la translittération des noms, c’est évidemment Benjamin Netanyahu. Alors je suppose…

Angela Benoit : Oui, effectivement.

André Racicot : Oui. Alors je suppose que vous l’avez entendu couramment. Benjamin Netanyahu, c’est ce qu’on lit dans beaucoup de journaux, et ce qui est assez curieux, selon les sources que vous lisez, son nom parfois devient Benyamin. Dans Le Petit Larousse, on écrit bel et bien Benyamin. Comment ça se fait qu’on épelle Benjamin ? Alors, c’est un autre cas et c’est peut-être le cas ici le plus aberrant, le Premier Ministre israélien, normalement son nom devrait être translittéré, donc Benyamin parce que c’est comme ça qu’il s’appelle, et Le Larousse donne justement cette graphie-là. Comment ça se fait qu’on écrit Benjamin partout ? C’est parce que Monsieur Netanyahu a étudié aux États-Unis et probablement qu’il a simplifié son nom. Il en avait marre de l’épeler et on aboutit à Benjamin et non pas à une translittération, mais bel et bien à une traduction. Et ça, ça ne se fait pas. On ne traduit pas les prénoms ni les noms de famille des personnalités. Par exemple, Albert Einstein, je ne dirai jamais Albert la Pierre. La chancelière allemande qui porte le très joli nom de Angela, personne ne va l’appeler Angèle Merquel par exemple. Alors comment ça se fait qu’on traduit le nom de Netanyahu ? C’est une aberration. Et comme si cela ne suffisait pas, pour en rajouter, Netanyahu est orthographié de différentes façons, parfois avec le n-é, parfois avec le y-a-h-o-u, donc translittération à la française. Et parfois, c’est une graphie anglaise sans accent aigu, y-a-h-u, qui se prononce /Netanyahu/ en anglais, alors c’est un cas assez déroutant.

Angela Benoit : Effectivement. Et juste pour illustrer votre propos, j’ai essayé de trouver des exemples sur internet pendant que vous expliquiez ce cas, et je vous avoue que c’est un petit peu le bazar. On a un accent du côté du [journal] Monde, ou on ne l’a pas du côté de—qu’est-ce que j’ai fait là—on ne l’a pas du côté de Wikipédia, enfin personne n’arrive à se mettre d’accord, que ce soit au sein de l’Hexagone ou de la Francophonie de manière générale. Passons…

André Racicot : Ben, si vous permettez une petite remarque là-dessus, c’est qu’internet, évidemment, ce n’est pas une source qui est très fiable lorsque tout le monde écrit n’importe quoi. Alors quand vous cherchez une graphie exacte, il faut regarder très exactement quelle est la source parce qu’autrement… Ce qui s’écrit dans Wikipédia, n’importe qui écrit dans Wikipédia, et ce ne sont pas toujours des graphies très fiables. Il y a des fautes de grammaire. Je peux vous donner un exemplaire très très rapide du mur des Lamentations à Jérusalem. Pour ce qui est des majuscules, le français a des règles particulières pour les majuscules, et dans ce cas-ci, il faudrait mettre Lamentations avec la majuscule et mur en minuscule. Si vous cherchez dans internet, vous allez voir toutes les combinaisons possibles : deux majuscules à Mur et à Lamentations; pas de majuscules du tout; majuscule à Mur, minuscule a lamentations. Alors lancer une recherche dans internet, c’est comme regarder dans Paris-Match ou dans la presse populaire, voir comment on écrit tel mot en disant, « Ah oui, tiens bon, celui qui sort gagnant cette semaine, c’est telle graphie. Je vais prendre celle-là, ça doit sûrement être la meilleure », ça veut absolument rien dire. C’est pas fiable.

Angela Benoit : Oui. C’est vrai, c’est vrai. Je continue de regarder d’autres liens. On a vraiment de tout. Que ce soit du côté de la presse française, belge ou canadienne, on a vraiment toutes les graphies que vous avez présentées, comme quoi prendre une décision quand on est traducteur et qu’on est devant ces noms de personnalités, c’est vraiment quelque chose de compliqué.

André Racicot : Effectivement.

Angela Benoit : : Notre dernier sujet pour aujourd’hui, c’est le pluriel des toponymes, avec ou sans s. Qu’est-ce que vous pouvez nous dire à ce sujet et comment est-ce qu’un traducteur peut tenter de commencer à réfléchir à ce problème ?

André Racicot : Je n’ai pas compris la question. Voulez-vous répéter  ?

Angela Benoit : Pardon c’est les toponymes avec ou sans s, le pluriel. C’est le dernier sujet qu’on avait choisi aujourd’hui.

André Racicot : Oui, le pluriel. C’est un problème assez épineux. Ça renvoie au fait que les règles de grammaire en français ne sont pas toujours très claires, et qu’elles ne sont pas appliquées uniformément. Que vous avez des bons auteurs qui vont choisir une graphie, d’autres auteurs vont plutôt choisir telle graphie et que très, très, très souvent, les grammairiens eux-mêmes ne sont pas capables de faire l’unanimité sur une question. Le pluriel des toponymes, c’est justement un cas patent. Et celui qui me vient tout de suite à l’esprit, c’est les Amériques. Il y a un changement d’appellation ici qui est assez intéressant, et donc je pense qu’il vaut la peine d’en parler. Jadis, on disait l’Amérique. L’Amérique, c’était clairement un continent. Et l’appellation, les Amériques, est apparue en français depuis quelques décennies sous l’influence de l’Américain. Pourquoi ? Parce que les Américains appellent leur pays America. C’est une forme raccourcie du United States of America et le terme Amérique, pour désigner les États-Unis, est devenu de plus en plus utilisé en français. Bon, ça date pas d’aujourd’hui, on peut penser à Tocqueville, de la Démocratie en Amérique, et il ne parlait pas du continent, il parlait des États Unis. Toujours est-il que, comme disait Gabriel García Márquez, vous, les Américains, votre pays n’a pas de nom : les États-Unis de quoi ? Qu’est-ce que vous êtes, vous êtes [inaudible] ? Toujours est-il qu’abusivement on a transformé le mot Amérique pour désigner les États Unis, un peu comme si, pour l’Europe, on appelait les Allemands, « les Européens ». Je ne pense pas que les Européens seraient très contents, mais c’est ce qui s’est passé en Amérique.

Alors l’appellation « les Amériques » s’écrit tout naturellement avec un s. Je dis tout naturellement parce qu’il y a une certaine logique. On écrivait les Flandres avec un s, par exemple. Mais quand on veut ajouter un pluriel à d’autres toponymes, on avait les Allemagnes. Aujourd’hui, on a les Corées et les Irlandes. Il y a une certaine logique qui prêche en faveur d’un s au pluriel. L’ennui, c’est que les grammairiens ne s’entendent pas à ce sujet-là. Beaucoup condamnent le s en disant c’est un nom propre et on n’a pas d’affaire à mettre un s.

Ça se défend en partie. Si vous prenez le nom des dynasties, vous allez vous rendre compte que très souvent, on va mettre un s, comme « des Bourbons ». Je pense qu’on met un s par exemple. Alors pourquoi on n’en mettrait pas à Corée ? La question reste à poser. Et là encore, le traducteur est obligé de regarder, de fouiller dans les dictionnaires, dans des ouvrages de difficultés de la langue pour constater, soit qu’on est catégorique d’un côté ou de l’autre et que les ouvrages se contredisent, soit qu’on va faire des nuances. Certains auteurs disent ceci, d’autres font cela et ainsi de suite. Et Le Grevisse est plein de cas comme ça, où des règles de grammaire qui apparaissent bétonnées finalement sont battues en brèche par des membres de l’Académie française qui, dans leurs livres parfois ont même fait des fautes d’accord de participe passé. C’est incroyable ! Alors ça montre que tout ça n’est pas si solide qu’on peut le croire.

Quand on arrive avec les villes, quand on parle des villes, là, c’est beaucoup plus clair, on ne met pas de s. On peut dire par exemple que Jérusalem est divisée en quatre quartiers principaux. On pourrait dire les quatre Jérusalem. On ne mettra pas de s. Jadis, il y avait deux Berlin. On n’a pas mis de s non plus. Alors tout ça reflète une certaine incohérence du français. Et on pense que les règles sont très, très claires. Mais très souvent l’usage, lui, fluctue et c’est très déroutant pour la personne qui traduit, parce qu’elle doit prendre une décision assez rapidement, n’a pas le temps de compulser les encyclopédies, les dictionnaires à n’en plus finir, et que malheureusement, souvent, c’est un peu des choix personnels qu’on finit par faire dans ces cas-là. Personnellement, moi j’écris les noms propres avec des s. Quand je lis les deux Corées, je mets un s et c’est comme ça. Et je suis sûr qu’il y a des gens qui ne seraient pas d’accord avec moi là. Alors souvent le traducteur, il est forcé de faire certains choix qui pourraient être contestés par son réviseur, par le client qui n’aime pas telle graphie et ainsi de suite… Et souvent un client qui en sait beaucoup moins que lui sur la question de la langue.

Alors, tout ça pour dire qu’il est important d’avoir des sources qui sont très fiables. Au risque de me répéter, je pense que Le Larousse donne un bon aperçu de l’usage en français. Il a des graphies beaucoup plus exactes pour les noms étrangers que Le Petit Robert, qui a parfois des graphies un peu déroutantes. Mais quand on va dans internet, c’est [important] d’aller sur des sites qui sont crédibles, par exemple, mon blog, ça peut une très bonne source pour ce genre de problèmes.

Angela Benoit : Des problèmes qui, je pense, ne finiront pas de poser des questions, des difficultés, des interrogations pour les traducteurs. Mais en tout cas,  cet aperçu très, très riche que vous venez de nous donner, je pense, donne à notre public, à nos auditeurs, des pistes pour commencer à se poser plus de questions sur les toponymes, à se demander comment est-ce qu’on les traduit, où trouver les informations et les réponses à leurs questions. Et sur ce, à propos de cela, j’aimerais revenir sur votre, alors je n’ai que le mot anglais, je ne sais pas si vous l’avez traduit, mais la List of names for countries, capitals and inhabitants.

André Racicot : Oui. Oui

Angela Benoit : Si nos auditeurs veulent la consulter, où peuvent-ils la trouver ?

André Racicot : Oui, c’est la Liste des noms de pays, de capitales et d’habitants. Elle est bilingue, évidemment, et elle a été éditée par le gouvernement du Canada en l’an 2000 et elle a été reprise par le ministère des Affaires Étrangères du Canada. On peut la consulter en allant tout simplement faire des recherches dans la base de données Termium, du gouvernement fédéral. C’est très facile à trouver sur Internet. Vous cherchez un nom de pays, un nom de région et vous allez avoir le contenu de la liste, qui contient des prépositions, qui précise si on met l’article ou pas. Quand il y a élision de l’article, par exemple Afghanistan, on va préciser que c’est « nom masculin », et il n’y a aucun dictionnaire qui vous donne les prépositions comme je l’ai dit tantôt. Et il y a des appellations que l’on voit parfois dans la presse française, la République Tchèque par exemple et le Centrafrique. Il n’y a pas d’entrées dans les dictionnaires, c’est incroyable. Ce sont des surnoms, mais ils sont employés régulièrement. Alors vous devez savoir que la Tchéquie, c’est la République Tchèque et que le Centrafrique, c’est la République Centrafricaine. Dans cette liste-là, il y a des renvois vers les appellations plus officielles, évidemment.

Angela Benoit : Eh bien, juste pour s’amuser, j’ai tapé très rapidement Mumbai dans Termium et contrairement au Larousse, j’imagine que vous savez avant même que je dise quoi que ce soit, comment est organisée la fiche, à votre avis, qu’est-ce qui sort quand je tape Mumbai dans Termium ?

André Racicot : Oui, c’est ça [inaudible]. Dans Termium, justement, on a intégré un certain nombre de renseignements, un certain nombre de recherches, mais il y a aussi des terminologues qui ont alimenté cette liste-là. Souvent, les terminologues ont une approche assez rigoureuse en disant, bon,  qu’est-ce qu’on dit officiellement ? Qu’est-ce que j’ai vu à gauche et à droite ? Personnellement, je pense qu’on devrait dire Mumbai, puisque c’est comme ça que la ville s’appelle. Alors, j’ai fait un autre ouvrage qui s’appelait Le Lexique des noms géographiques, qui malheureusement n’a jamais été édité, mais qui comprend 5 000 entrées de toponymes qui se traduit de l’anglais au français. Cette base-là, ce lexique-là, il a été en grande partie intégré dans Termium. Alors, pour des appellations plus ésotériques, on peut trouver également des informations dans Termium.

Angela Benoit : Et là, vu que je l’ai sous les yeux,  la fiche Mumbai de Termium précise et est beaucoup plus conforme à la réalité. Elle précise que Mumbai est le nom correcte et officiel, que Bombay est une ancienne désignation et que malheureusement…. puisque, qu’est-ce qui s’est passé là ? « Bombay : nom remplacé par «Mumbai» en 1995; par contre, le nom «Mumbai» est encore fréquemment utilisé en français »». J’aurais cru qu’ils disent le contraire. Mais bon, il est justement beaucoup plus proche de la réalité, en fait.

André Racicot : Oui, c’est ça.

Angela Benoit : Cet exercice de comparaison que je voulais faire avec Le Larousse, vu qu’on en avait parlé tout à l’heure.

André Racicot : Oui, l’ensemble des recherches que j’ai faites sur les toponymes, souvent ça décrivait un peu la réalité, et je pense que c’est dans cet esprit-là qu’il faut faire des recherches. Dans mon blog, justement, je traite de ce genre de questions, de traductions, de toponymes, le fait que beaucoup de noms de villes, par exemple aux États-Unis, ont été défrancisés. Par exemple, des villes comme Détroit portaient l’accent aigu dans Le Larousse 1934 de ma mère. Aujourd’hui, il y a plus d’accent aigu, et Le Larousse, il y a quelques années, a rétabli les graphies françaises de villes bel et bien fondées par des Français comme Bâton-Rouge, par exemple; Saint-Louis, on écrit maintenant dans Le Larousse avec le trait d’union; Bâton-Rouge qui a reçu son accent circonflexe et le trait d’union alors que ces graphies-là avaient disparu des ouvrages français, ce qui est vraiment triste parce que ce sont des appellations françaises. Et même New York, qui est anglais, oui, portait un trait d’union jadis et n’en prend plus. Et cette anglicisation, elle touche aussi bien d’autres toponymes. Par exemple, on écrivait Nouvelle Dehli dans le Larousse de ma mère.

Aujourd’hui, on dit New Delhi. La ville de Vilnius était i-o-u-s. Dans la graphie francisée aujourd’hui, ça s’écrit Vilnius, et il y a beaucoup d’autres appellations comme ça. Et dans les recherches que j’ai faites, je fais des liens avec des anciennes graphies françaises. Alors tout ça peut être trouvé dans internet, tout le fruit de mes recherches et également dans mon blog. Et ceux qui choisiront de me suivre dans Twitter c’est aussi le genre de problème dont je traite, et avec des références aux derniers articles publiés dans mon blog. Alors ça permet de suivre facilement mes réflexions sur la langue française.

Angela Benoit : Et on précisera les liens de votre blog et de votre compte Twitter dans la publication qui accompagnera cet épisode d’ailleurs. C’est sur Twitter que nous nous sommes rencontrés, un outil que je trouve fantastique pour les traducteurs. On trouve plein de trucs et de conseils, d’astuces, de questions, d’interrogations qu’on se pose, on essaie de s’entraider et de trouver des réponses. Et je suis vraiment ravie d’avoir fait votre connaissance sur cette plateforme et d’avoir pu enregistrer avec vous cet épisode aujourd’hui.

André Racicot : Mais je vous remercie beaucoup de m’avoir invité. Ça a été un plaisir et un honneur de participer à cette conversation.

Angela Benoit : Merci beaucoup, André.

André Racicot : Au revoir.

André Racicot : J’ai la petite conclusion à faire, j’ai oublié de vous prévenir, la conclusion.

André Racicot : D’accord.

Angela Benoit : De la FLD, parlons en langue anglaise parce que nous sommes rattachés à la American Translators Association.

André Racicot : Bien sûr, bien sûr.

Angela Benoit : Donc, nous allons conclure en disant que this podcast is produced by the French Language Division of the American Translators Association. Our current Administrator is Jenn Mercer. Our Current Assistant Administrator is Andie Ho. You can subscribe to the continuing education series podcast on Soundcloud at Soundcloud.com/ATA/FLD or on iTunes by searching for the words continuing education series in the iTunes Store. You can contact the FLD at dividisionfld@atanet.org or you may visit our website at www.ata/divisions.org/FLD, and make sure to capitalize those three letters at the end, FLD. You may also get in touch with us on social media. This is Angela Benoit, signing off. Thank you for listening. À bientôt.

Angela Benoit is an interpreter and translator based in Ottawa, Canada. You can find her on her website, LinkedIn, and on Twitter.

André Racicot is a retired English to French translator, editor, terminologist, and trainer from the Translation Bureau of the Government of Canada. He holds a master’s degree in political science and a certificate in German studies. He focused on translation of foreign geographical names. He published a List of Names for Countries, Capitals and Inhabitants in 2000. This list was integrated into the style guide of the Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs. You can find him on Twitter at @AndrRacicot or contact him through his website.

Transcribed by Charlotte Schwennsen and edited by Anne Vincent.

[Transcript] ATA Continuing Education Series Podcast – Episode 19 – ATA Certification Study Group

Close-up of a microphone against a purple background
ATA FLD Podcast. Photo Credit: Unsplash

The A Propos LogoTo make our Continuing Education Series Podcast more accessible and searchable for FLD members and the general public, we are now offering transcriptions of our episodes right here on À Propos. Many thanks to our volunteer transcriptionists, who are credited at the bottom of each transcription. If you’re interested in helping us transcribe podcast episodes, email divisionFLD [at] atanet [dot] org.

HOW TO LISTEN TO THE ORIGINAL EPISODE

SOUNDCLOUD: You can listen to or download Episode 19 and all previous episodes on Soundcloud here.

ITUNES: This episode and all previous episodes are available on iTunes here. You can subscribe or listen online. Like what you hear? Rate us and review us! It really helps get the word out.

Episode 19: FLD’s ATA Certification Study Group

Andie: This is Andie Ho, your new host of the Continuing Education Series, a podcast we produce as a benefit to the members of the French Language Division of the American Translators Association, and for anyone interested becoming members. This series strives to offer educational content about the craft of French-to-English and English-to-French translation, and about our division. For today’s episode, it is my pleasure to welcome Emily Moorlach. Emily is an ATA-certified French-to-English translator who began her career in 2016 as the Translation and Interpretation Program Manager and freelance official document translator for a nonprofit organization. In 2019, after a whirlwind trip through 45 cities in Europe, Emily returned to the US, and started her freelance translation business, Langue Vivante LLC. She holds a BA in French and a BS in Accounting from Iowa State University.

Emily also studied at La Sorbonne in Paris and has held positions as a high school French teacher and a luxury travel advisor. I need to hear more about that sometime. Her main specializations include official documents, business communications, tourism, gastronomy, and marketing. Welcome, Emily, to our podcast today.

Emily: Thanks, Andie. It’s awesome to be here.

Andie: So today, we’re going to talk about the FLD’s ATA Exam Certification Study Group. We need a better title for that group, I think, Emily.

Emily: It’s very long,

Andie: So, start from the beginning. How did you get started as the study group’s coordinator?

Emily: Well, I think you know better than anyone, but I’ll let you know for the listeners here. So, I actually started my exam studying journey back in 2019, at the end of 2019, and I reached out to Corinne McKay via email and said: “Hey, do you know anyone else who’s studying for the exam? Can you kind of hook me up with someone?” Because I wanted someone to work with. She actually sent me your email and Beth’s. And I remember just reaching out, and kind of seeing what was available then. And we didn’t have a program like we do now. So, I just kind of started studying on my own. And then, in 2021, in January, you started this, the FLD study group. And I saw that as a great opportunity to really get serious about my studying after having to put it on hold in 2020. I saw 2021 as my year, and this new program was amazing. So, I jumped on and started doing it each month. Doing big passages each month. And I think over time, you saw that I was very serious about the study program and participated each of the months from January through September, before taking the exam myself. And, yeah, then at the end of the year, you asked me to come on as the new coordinator. And, because I had found the group so helpful, and probably because I was a previous teacher and I love the nerdy aspects of studying and constantly improving, I decided to take it over. So, I did that in January 2022, and it’s been great so far.

Andie: So, for those people listening who don’t know what the study group is like, exactly how it operates and what it does, can you describe it for us?

Emily: Yeah, so I have kept kind of the same structure that you instituted in 2021 with sending out a passage, the first business day of each month in each direction. So, French to English and one for English to French. I select those passages on new sites like the New York Times, National Geographic, The MOON, etc. the first business day of each month. I send out the new passage in each direction and participants can decide whether or not they even want to participate that month. If they do, they just translate it on their own time and send me an email by the third Monday of the month to let me know that they have completed it.

Then, I pair them up with another person who has completed it in the same direction, and then they have the rest of the month, which is usually a week or two, to exchange passages via email and kind of give each other feedback either via track changes in Word or phone call, video call, any of the above. Let’s see, then, what else? Yeah, I think that’s pretty much it. I send out the passage, then I pair participants up and then they kind of work together in groups of two or three to provide feedback.

Andie: So, you say that you mostly kept the model that I had used while you were a “student” in the group, quote unquote, student participants in the group. Do you foresee making any updates in the future?

Emily: Potentially, yes. I participated in a panel with the Spanish Language Division and also the Slavic Language Division, and they both have some great ideas that they use for their study groups, that I would kind of like to see how they would fit within ours as well. Potentially using Google Docs to compare all of the translations that have been completed for a language pair for that month. I think that would be great to see nine different translations side by side in a spreadsheet as the Spanish Language Division does. So even if you’re paired with a partner and having a deeper conversation one-on-one, you can see how many different ways a word can be translated and it kind of reveals the creativity of our craft. And it helps, yeah, I think, just gain different perspectives on how to approach a text.

Andie: I like it. I wish I had thought of that. So, when you were a participant, how, in what ways was the study group helpful for you as someone looking to take the exam in the future?

Emily: I think it was super helpful just to know that there are other people out there, kind of going through the same thing and finding other colleagues who are as serious about not only studying but actually taking the exam. So, I think that was great to find kind of a group of people to do that with. And I loved the fact that our study group is very low commitment. It’s kind of open-ended, so you can get on our email list, and then you can participate in January and then not participate again until May, if you know, your schedule gets crazy, like we all know it does, being freelance translators. So, it’s really low commitment. I love that. And then, I just loved being able to collaborate with other colleagues and meet people within my language pairing.

Andie: What about the… So, the ATA offers official practice exams that you can spend money on. Did you ever do any of those?

Emily: Yes. Being kind of the nerd, like I said that I am. I did my first one at the end of 2019 when I just wasn’t even a full-time translator yet. Just kind of thinking that was the first step of getting in and getting clients. And I thought, naively, I’ll just take the practice test and then I’ll be ready to go. Well, I took the first one and did fairly decent. I think it’s 17 points you need to be able to pass the exam. I think that’s the maximum, and points are bad. For our listeners out there, who haven’t looked into it yet. You don’t want points. I think I got in the 20ish range, and they said, okay, you could probably pass if you study a little bit more.

Well, then I took the second. There are three in each direction, three French to English and three English to French official practice exams. So, I took the second one just to kind of see where I was at on that, and I didn’t do as well, so that kind of changed my perspective, and I decided to study a little bit longer. So, I think taking at least one official practice exam is really essential to not just jumping into the real thing. And then, if possible, taking two or all three is great because they’re different passages you’ll do differently from one to the other, potentially passing one, potentially failing the next one, and that gives you more data points to know if you’re ready for the real thing.

Andie: Now, you wrote an article for the ATA’s Savvy Newcomer blog, is that correct?

Emily: Yes, I’m a volunteer blog author and editor, so that been fun.

Andie: All right. So, I see you’ve written an article called “Taking and Preparing for ATA Online Certification Exam.” And in that article, you mentioned using DeepL, which is a machine translation, to check your translations. Can you tell us more about this?

Emily: Yeah, I think it’s kind of, some people might think it’s, what would you say, a controversial thing to say because obviously we don’t want to train ourselves to translate like a machine. But in my study journey, I found that not only did I participate in the FLD study group, but I studied outside of the study group on my own. And, not everybody is going to have the time to study as much as you may need to study or have the same schedule to match up and review passages together outside of the study group. And so, when I studied on my own, I wanted a way to kind of see, something to compare my translations. And so, it was a free option. I used the free version.

I think with news articles and different types of text, more technical, more straightforward text, I think machine translation has gotten pretty good. And so, yeah, I would just throw my source text that I translated on my phone into DeepL, and just see what it said. And surprisingly, sometimes it shows better words than I did, especially given the time crunch when you’re sitting there trying to stick within the 90 minutes of what you’re allotted for the passage on the real exam. When studying on my own, I stuck to those same things. And yeah, I found DeepL to be helpful, to just get some sort of feedback when I didn’t have a human to do that with.

Andie: Interesting, that’s not something I would have thought of. Machine translation is very controversial, as you say. I will say that a lot of it comes from human translations. So that’s why sometimes it does choose a good word. That’s my opinion exactly.

Emily: Exactly, I like the feature on DeepL that you can click on a word, and it will show you synonyms and things like that. So, yeah, I think it can be helpful.

Andie: Did you use it to check for style or just meaning or both?

Emily: Kind of both, because every now and then, there would be a meaning situation that I was like, oh, I thought that meant something slightly different. Or word choice. Yeah, a lot of word choice, because I am actually fairly new to the profession. Just started full time in 2020, so, and I actually didn’t have any formal training. I just have my bachelor’s degree in French and as you mentioned, I was a French high school teacher and luxury travel consultant before this. So, yeah, for me it was just a great way to choose my words and see, not really style, but make sure I’m getting everything correct in terms of meaning, too.

Andie: Going back to something you mentioned, you were talking about time management during the exam. Can you talk to us about that a little bit?

Emily: Yeah. One of my study partners that I ended up working with through the study group, Amber Combaud, she mentioned that she was only taking 75 minutes out of the total 90 offered for each passage, to do both her translation and her editing. And I thought that was crazy at first when she said that, I thought, oh my gosh, I’m pushing myself all the way through the 90 minutes and leaving myself about six minutes to do the editing. And that was not working well for me because the editing step, I think, is so crucial, both the bilingual editing to make sure you’ve got everything from the source, but also the monolingual editing for those commas, periods, and things like that, because each one of those can get you a point deduction out of those 17 points.

So, when she mentioned that, I thought, okay, I’m going to make myself a schedule. And so, I actually did make myself a schedule, and it was that I was only using 75 minutes per passage, and then the other 30 minutes of time was kind of at the beginning, choosing which of the three passages to translate on the exam. So, I took some time to do that and then whatever was left over at the end. I also took some time to do some stretching in between passages on the real exam, the three-hour exam. So, I wanted to build in time for stretching, time for restroom breaks, time to just stare at the wall if I needed to give my eyes a break. So, yeah, I made myself a little scheduled.

That is actually in the Savvy article that I wrote, which maybe we can post a link to with this recording. But it detailed everything I plan to do in terms of time management on the actual exam, and that helped me to feel more comfortable and less stressed about time.

Andie: Those are all good tips. Going back to what you said about editing being crucial, I just had to laugh because I always tell my husband, if you read my translation before I go back and edit it would look like I don’t speak French or English.

Emily: Editing is so vital, so important. And one of the other colleagues that I work with in the study group, he also was doing Italian to English and French to English exam preparations. And we found out how important it is to really have a great grasp of the target language, even almost more so than the source language sometimes, because it’s all the grammatical things and the situation and word choice and making it sound good and making it flow. Yeah, the editing stage is super important.

Andie: Now, since I took the exam in 2018, the ATA has come out with an online exam. Did you do the online version?

Emily: I did, yeah.

Andie: Okay, can you tell us about the online version and in person version?

Emily: Yeah, so the online version, I took it in September 2021, so a little less than a year ago. And what’s really exciting is even since then, they’ve now come out with an on-demand version of the online exam. So, you can sign up and take it at a time that works for you, which I think is really great for any of our members who live outside of the US. Because one of my study partners actually ended up having to take the exam. She’s in France, ended up having to take the exam from 6:00 p.m. to 9:00 p.m., her time, whereas it was 9:00 a.m. to noon for my time on the Pacific Coast here. So, having that on demand version is amazing.

But yeah, in terms of the differences between the online and in person, I would say obviously I didn’t take the in person, but I read up on it and actually contacted Caron Bailey as well as, the certification manager, to kind of ask some questions at one point. And I think what’s really great about the online exam is the fact that you don’t have to pay any travel expenses, whether that just be gas, which is really expensive right now, whether that be gas or hotel or flights. Back, before they offered the online exam, you had to physically go to the location. And for people who live outside of the US, it was even more expensive. So, I love that fact that there’s no travel expense. And another benefit is lack of stress. There’s just not the stress of having to drive anywhere.

Even if you’re in the same city, you’ve got a drive to the exam, find parking, for me, I just like to have everything as smooth and stress-free as possible. So, my closest exam location was going to be an hour away. And so, no hotel, but I’m just driving the hour and thinking, am I going to get in traffic? Or something like that? So, eliminating that was helpful and then being able to do it from the comfort of your own home, your ergonomic desk and chair, you can control, your lighting, your heating, those things are tiny, but for me, as kind of a control freak, I really found comfort in that.

And then the cons, I guess, would be, of the online exam would be just the fact that you have to make sure that your computer has all of the correct configuration prior to the exam, and then the onboarding process for the exam on the day of the exam. You need to be there about 20 minutes early, and sometimes it can take even longer. So, I know that some people get a little bit nervous while they’re kind of going through that onboarding process. Am I going to be late for my exam? But I think knowing that your exam time doesn’t start until you get into the passages themselves is very helpful. So even if your onboarding takes 30 minutes and your ten minutes over from what your start time was supposed to be for the exam, your exam time doesn’t start until you’re in seeing those passages.

So, I think that’s helpful to know. Yeah, I could go on and on.

Andie: Yeah, I feel so like I very much took the old version. I had to drive down into Houston and that was already considered very close to me. I guess ATA has come to the 21st century.

Emily: Yeah, very convenient now with the on demand. I mean, for me, the time was perfect, nine to noon. I couldn’t ask for a better time, but I’m sure that my colleague who did it at night, during dinner time and such, was wishing that they had that even just six months ago.

Andie: So, if you had to do it all over again, or if you were to give advice to someone who is starting to study for the exam now, what would you say?

Emily: I would say, kind of like first steps first, read up about it as much as you can. If you’re going into English, there’s an amazing 61-page guide on into English. What is it called? The Into English [Grading] Standards or something like that. But it’s a guide that’s 61 pages into English grading standards, and that’s a really great document to start kind of seeing what the exam graders are looking for in terms of grammar punctuation, what you should do with acronyms, style guides, things like that. So, any language into English. So, if you’re one of those amazing people who has two source languages or more, the guide is still great because it’s for all languages into English.

So, yeah, starting there, looking at all of the framework for standardized error markings, the explanation of error categories, the flow chart for error point decisions, all of those documents, reading through them so you understand how you will be graded. It is super important, I would say. And then, kind of taking that, the official practice exam, to see where you’re at and get feedback that way is a great next step. They do take sometimes eight weeks to come back. So, like I said, that’s a good early step just to gauge where you’re at before taking the exam and then joining a study group, of course, especially if you’re in our FLD. Now that we have that in place, I think that’s a great thing to do. I would definitely do that again if I were to have to study. But kind of one of the biggest things for me, I had no idea that people study for the exam for so long. Like I mentioned earlier, when I got started on my exam journey in 2019, I thought I’ll take one practice exam and then I’ll be good to go.

I’ll sign up for an exam and in three months I’ll be certified. But really, after participating in several panels, I’ve learned that the study window is basically six months to a year for a lot of people; especially a lot of people who are working full time in the profession and have a lot of clients already, keeping up with studying kind of is an extra thing to do. So, when you start thinking about getting certified, I would say setting aside those six to twelve months is a good idea.

Andie: All right, and then final question: if people want to join your study group, what do they do?

Emily: Yeah, they just email me. So, we can hopefully, maybe, wherever you post the podcast, include my email address as well. But, for those listening, it’s emily [at] langue-vivante [dot] com.

Andie: Alright. And you can also email divisionfld [at] atanet [dot] org or if you can find me online somewhere, Andie Ho, A-N-D-I-E H-O, it’s a very unique name, so you’ll find me somehow and I’ll point you in the right direction.

Well, thank you so much, Emily, for sharing your experience and for leading the new study group. You’re doing a great job. I’ve heard great things and we very much appreciate all that you do.

Emily: Thank you for picking me to do it and I have, yeah, I’ve really enjoyed it and interacting with all of the people who are studying and kind of encouraging them on their journey because, yeah, I really enjoy the group as well.

Andie: Well, thank you very much.

Emily: Thank you.

Andie: This concludes our episode for today. You can subscribe to the Continuing Education Series podcast on SoundCloud at soundcloud@soundcloud.com/ata-fld) or on iTunes, by searching for Continuing Education Series in the iTunes store. You can contact the FLD at divisionfld [at] atanet [dot] org, visit our website at www.ata-divisions.org/fld or get in touch with us on social media.

This is Andie Ho, signing off. Thanks for listening and à bientôt!

Emily Moorlach is an ATA-certified French to English translator who began her career in 2016 as the Translation and Interpretation Program Manager and freelance official document translator for a nonprofit organization. In 2019, after a whirlwind trip through 45 cities in Europe, Emily returned to the U.S. to start her freelance translation business, Langue Vivante LLC. She holds a B.A. in French and a B.S. in Accounting from Iowa State University. Emily also studied at La Sorbonne in Paris and has held positions as a high school French teacher and luxury travel advisor. Her main specializations include official documents, corporate communications, and tourism industry materials. For more information, visit www.langue-vivante.com.

ATA Podcast host Andie Ho is a certified French to English translator specializing in the food industry. She earned her M.A. in translation from Kent State University and is now based in the Houston area. She currently serves as the ATA’s French Language Division administrator. You can follow her on Twitter at @JHawkTranslator or email her at andie [at] andiehotranslations [dot] com.

Transcribed by Olga Koloko. She is a French-to-English and English-to-French translator, editor, and transcriptionist who specializes in international development, business communications, marketing, IT, finance, internet policies, and digital rights. She is the founder and CEO of OK Translation and Communications Services LLC. You can find her on LinkedIn at https://www.linkedin.com/in/olgakoloko/ or check her out on Twitter here: @OlgaKoloko.

[Transcript] ATA Continuing Education Series Podcast – Episode 20 – Interview with Edward Gauvin

ATA French Language Division Podcast
The FLD Podcast. Photo Credit: Unsplash

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To make our Continuing Education Series Podcast more accessible and searchable for FLD members and the general public, we are now offering transcriptions of our episodes right here on À Propos. Many thanks to our volunteer transcriptionists, who are credited at the bottom of each transcription. If you’re interested in helping us transcribe podcast episodes, email divisionFLD [at] atanet [dot] org.

HOW TO LISTEN TO THE ORIGINAL EPISODE

SOUNDCLOUD: You can listen to or download Episode 20 and all previous episodes on Soundcloud here.

ITUNES: This episode and all previous episodes are available on iTunes here. You can subscribe or listen online. Like what you hear? Rate us and review us! It really helps get the word out.

Episode 20 — Interview with Edward Gauvin, FLD’s Distinguished Speaker at ATA63

Andie Ho: This is Andy Ho, host of the continuing education series, a podcast we produce as a benefit for the members of the French Language Division of the American Translators Association, and those interested in becoming members. This series strives to offer educational content about the craft of French to English and English to French translation, and about our division. In today’s episode, it is my pleasure to welcome Edward Gauvin, our special guest and distinguished speaker for #ATA63, the conference in Los Angeles this fall. Edward is a writer, translator, and independent scholar. His work has been shortlisted and nominated for a multitude of prizes, and he has received grants and fellowships from around the world. Most relevant to the FLD and ATA, he has contributed over 100 translations to various journals, anthologies and collections and translated over 400 graphic novels. He also publishes his own original fiction, some of which he has translated in French. Welcome, Edward! It’s a pleasure having you here today.

Edward Gauvin: Thank you so much. It’s a pleasure to be here, Andy, and I’m really looking forward to the October conference.

Andie Ho: So, you have a very wide-ranging career. Can you tell us how you got started and branched out into all those different fields?

Edward Gauvin: Well, I got my start as a translator in the mid-2000s. I had come back from teaching as a lecturer as a freshman and sophomore in college in France. And for some reason, I thought translation was something one could do. I don’t think I had a particularly timely notion of that. I think for some reason I was thinking that you could translate pulp novels and other things that don’t get published in the US. I’m not sure, I had those very outdated notions…

However, I was hanging around Comic Cons. And in the New York Comic Con, I believe it was in 2005 or 2006, the very first one, and there were smaller fairs as well… I was hanging around those and trying to interest editors and publishers in comics/graphic novels that I had liked in France. And so, none of those pitches ever worked. But I think I sort of just got my face in their face, so that was how I wound up with my first few jobs.

Around the same time, in 2005, Words Without Borders published my first short fiction translation by Georges-Olivier Châteaureynaud. And I wound up working on his stories for the next couple of years, and then putting out my first full-length prose fiction translation in 2010, which is a volume of his selected stories. So, I think my career has pretty much proceeded along those twin tracks right from the beginning and ever since.

Andie Ho: Well, I had never heard of Words Without Borders and so I was looking into your background… Can you tell me more about what they do?

Edward Gauvin: So, when I first published with them in 2005, they’d only been around for two years, and … they were the first—and I would say now still the biggest—periodical that is devoted entirely to international literature in English translation. Now, the translation scene has changed so much and literary translation has become a lot hipper than it used to be. But Words Without Borders was into translation before translation was cool!

But seriously. They recently went through a major site revamp. So that’s been overhauled, and the look has been greatly streamlined. They’re still adding the archives in. But I think they’ve published from almost 150 countries, just as many languages. And I think… I’ve sort of watched from distance as their editorial priorities have shifted over time as well.

Among the founding members were a former editor for foreign literature from Northwestern, another from Norton [W.W. Norton & Co.] and another who worked with Zoetrope, the American fiction magazine. And one of their neatest programs, one of the coolest things that they sort of grew into over the years is something called WWB campus, or Words Without Borders Campus. It actively designs classroom modules and teaching aids for people who want to… It provides educator support and supplemental curricular resources, and it also tries to get even virtual events or in-person events where translators and authors can visit classrooms at any level from college and younger.

I think more recently, a lot of their claim to fame has been publishing as well, authors that have gone into major, major awards, like Elena Ferrante, or Han Kang, or Olga Tokarczuk. These are people who were first featured in their pages before they won Bookers and Nobels and things. So, I think it’s been a really big force for international literature in the US. I think the reason that they went online, they were a little ahead of the curve in that way, but also it has allowed them to keep overhead down in a way that print magazines aren’t able to. This is perhaps of the most interest to people who are looking to get into literary translation. Most of the time, the periodical scene is so small—if you’re talking about lib mags and university journals, etc.—that the onus of clearing rights is pushed onto the translator, which isn’t completely fair. When you’re actually publishing, it’s an editor agent’s job, or a foreign rights department’s job. But Words Without Borders has always taken that onto themselves. And right from the start, they have always paid the translator AND the author. And this isn’t something that a lot of periodicals, even now, can claim.

Andie Ho: Wow, alright! You’re talking about Elena Ferrante and Olga (I don’t know how to say her last name), but we can also go back to, say, Steve Larsen. So, the number that gets quoted a lot is 3%, right, that only 3% of literature gets translated into English. I forget what exactly it is. Do you think that has changed in recent years?

Edward Gauvin: OK, just to clarify… It’s not 3% of the world’s literature that gets translated into English. It’s that of the books published yearly in English every year, only 3% are devoted to translated literature. I am not plugged into BookScan enough to tell you what it is now and Chad Post has started his Three Percent blog post out of Rochester in 2008 or 2009. I will tell you that my sense is that it has fluctuated and it has grown and remains on the side of growth, but that I would be surprised if it has doubled. I would say that it stayed somewhere between three and six—and that’s a completely off-the-cuff thing—if it had doubled, I would be surprised if it had doubled and stayed there for more than a year. Because, as I have mentioned, there are a lot of fluctuations.

And I would say, for me there are a couple different parts to that. Yes, the literary translation scene has massively diversified in terms of the numbers of publishers. But these are mostly small presses, not even imprints of large presses. That’s how art moves forward, really, historically. But I think that there has been a shift in the kinds of things we look to foreign literature for, and there’s still a raging debate as to whether it actually sells. And there are always going to be exceptions that sell extremely well, but then become unfortunately sort of synecdochic of the entire phenomenon, which doesn’t sell as well.

I think I’ve wandered off a little bit at the end, but there’s definitely not progress in the numbers. Far greater than progress in actual numbers is greater cultural awareness. I think that has risen in a way that’s faster than the economic side of things.

Andie Ho: So, in recent years, there’s been a lot of interest in foreign media, with K-pop, Parasite and other Korean movies… I think just a lot more interest in Lupin, the TV series on Netflix… Do you think that there is, in general, some sort of expansion of interest into foreign media that will, in a sense, like “rising tides lift all boats,” that will affect translation of books, or not so much?

Edward Gauvin: I think for me there’s a couple issues all knotted up in there, so please catch me out if I start to prattle on. One is that interest in translated books does not necessarily equate to better pay or living conditions for translators. And so, I think the same thing applies here. The interest in foreign media also may not directly improve the translators’ or subtitlers’ lot. And I think that’s because … people have a very dated idea of what translation is, does, or should do, or can get away with, or the degree to which it can transform something. That’s something that I think about a lot.

I think the other difference is just [that] books are such a small part financially of media as a whole that foreign media becoming more popular or not… Things operate differently at different scales of how much money is involved. I guess this is what I’m trying to get around to. So, for instance, the recent Brad Pit’s Bullet Train is based on a Japanese novel that I remember reading articles about when the Japanese novel was first snatched up (it was probably in Hollywood Reporter or something) by Pitt’s production company. There hasn’t actually been a whole lot of discourse concerning Bullet Train about how the entire cast is now while, pretty much, and that’s fine. That’s one issue. But the other issue I remember reading in Hollywood Reporter, when the novel was first snatched up, [is] that the novel was one of the properties that a newly founded firm in Japan had shopped around, and this firm was dedicated toward getting more Japanese properties sold abroad. Whether it be for remakes or adaptations or anything, they just wanted to push it… And I don’t think of Japan as a country that is massively underrepresented in terms of international media presence. And yet, when you hear the founders of the company speak, they were talking of untold troves of material in Japan that they were sure would interest other people, but not enough people read Japanese to access it. It just wasn’t known. And so, I wonder to some extent how many places feel like that. If Japan, which I think of as having a major media presence already, feels like that, then, how much are other places going to feel like that?

My third sort of related point is that I actually find the subtitling scene really, really, really interesting for its crossover with literary translation and mostly from an underrepresentation of labor point of view. Subtitles have been popping up more and more into the news lately. And every time it does, it really just perks up my ears, because one of my ongoing thoughts of experiments is to see how many other disciplines under some disciplines have some kind of labor or historical or metaphorical overlap with translation. The most recent subtitling story I remember seeing was about Stranger Things, and how the subtitles are really kind of “juicy” and reach for the not obvious adjectives and how that enhanced the experience. And that’s all fascinating to me. How can that happen in translation? The other one, of course, was with the Korean property… I’m going to blank on the name now, the one with the game show where they kill people…

Andie Ho: Squid Game?

Edward Gauvin: Yes, thank you. Well, I did see it and there was a little brouhaha… There was a New York-based Korean American writer who was tweeting about how the subtitles were off, and how there actually turned out to be two sets of subtitles: one for the closed captioning, and one that actually looks more sort of human translated. But I remember one of the things that this person said was, “If you watch the show with this set of subtitles, you’re not getting the same show.” And like, this was sort of the foundation of some kind of notion of betrayal, right? And this is something that I think translators might be working to push, if not entirely overthrow, because for me that’s a given. That’s kind of like “Duh!” That’s where literary translators start right now. Yes, of course, it’s not the same. You shouldn’t think of them as the same. You shouldn’t think that you’re able to get the same out of this transaction. That’s just my bringing it around to translators versus translation again.

Andie Ho: You bring up some really good points about the devaluation, I think, of translators. Do you have the same problem in literary translation, that there is a sense that anybody who speaks a second language can translate it? Is that prevalent in publishing?

Edward Gauvin: I do think a lot of translators—because I’ve heard variations on this—think of editors as having a tin ear, or that editors do think of translators as interchangeable. Or that editors are kind of like this tone-deaf conductor that the translator has to teach how to… Or rather, if the translator’s a conductor, that as a conductor, we have to educate the editor in how to appreciate the difference between one conductor and another.

It’s hard for me to assess literary translations, the attitude of literary translators as a whole. I don’t feel that connected with the scene anymore, and… What I’m judging it on these days is based on things I read, and things I read can be all over the map. Like, sometimes translators will say things that sound the same as what translators said 60 years ago, and other times translators will have fairly progressive views, deeply informed by translation studies or comparative literature or some background in academic theory, so it’s really hard for me to say as a whole what the community thinks. I do think that by and large, it’s moved beyond the issues of authorial fidelity, which is not something the world has moved out from. Because, you know, translators will say one thing at a convention, and then when one of them gets profiled in the New York Times, what emerges in the article at the end of whatever process goes on is pretty tame compared to what goes on at say, a convention or a conference or a round table.

Andie Ho: [Laughter] So, for the real deal, you have to go to a translation conference and see what translators are talking about.

Edward Gauvin: Yes, well, the literature is out there, you know. Do some digging. But even in, like, a literary translation Facebook group, especially if you are getting people who are translating out of English… I would say that how translators feel about what it is they should or shouldn’t do runs a pretty broad gamut. I should also contextualize almost everything I’m saying as coming out of specifically an into-English scene.

Andie Ho: Yeah, which… I don’t want to presuppose anything. Do you feel like the into-English scene translations are sort of watered down a bit, or not watered down … made more palatable for local audiences?

Edward Gauvin: Yeah, well, that actually is the crux of Lawrence Venuti’s original Translator’s Invisibility diatribe, right? I mean, he wasn’t blaming the translators in that case, he was blaming the publishing industry as a whole. But I think the translator’s invisibility as a phrase has kind of gotten dislocated from his originally coinage and is sort of just generally used to apply to… It applies probably more often to lack of cultural capital or lack of actual economical capital. But originally, his argument was rooted in a fairly specific reading of how certain marks of foreignness would get ironed out into a more standardized English. I don’t honestly have the time to read widely enough to assess that right now. I don’t know. Yeah, honestly, I can’t.

I also do think that the old binary that sets up, right, because that’s the other bastardization of Venuti’s idea, is that, “Oh, it’s either about foreignization or about domesticization, and if we’re going to foreignize things, we’re going to leave weird turns of phrase and foreign things in there,” and that’s definitely not what you’re saying. But that’s an easy straw man to attack him, but also to attack schools of translation. A lot of translators also use it. They say, “I don’t foreignize. I’ve never foreignized. Foreignizing is stupid.” But it’s only stupid if you define it very narrowly like that. I do think that binary is maybe also something that needs to be gotten out of…

Maybe this will segue back to comics. For me, with comics, someone asked me that at an event that I did in Pittsburgh at the City of Asylum… and I really fumbled the answer because it was at the end of the night. But… I do think that issues of reception in general have been neglected in translation. Which is to say that in translation, you’re talking about how it’s usually, “Are you close to the author?” or “Are you close to the original language?” or something like that. But are you making something for a specific readership in the US, and what does that entail? And in that case, this is something that comics speaks to very much, right? If I do a French Western, they’re never going to have a “howdy” in. But I’m going to put a howdy in the English version. There’s a way “Westerns” sound. There is a way “noir” sounds. And also, there is a way “noir” sounds, in fact, that is informed both by American pulp writers and French new wave directors who loved American pulp writers, and then American pulp writers who loved French new wave movies. There’s already a dialogue going. There is no purity. So, when I talk about audience reception and expectations deservedly going into the translation, it’s not just the author speaking through you, it’s not the language speaking through you, it’s also the genre speaking through you, the affectations speaking through you and informing your work.

Andie Ho: Fair enough! I don’t want to spoil too much of your sessions, so I’m going to cut you off here. But is there anything else you would like to say for our audiences?

Edward Gauvin: Yeah, I think one of the original questions was just about some practical advice on trying to break into translating comics. This is a question I get a lot from literary translators. People should just remember that comics is still an artist’s medium and not a writer’s, such that if you’re pitching a comic, I think you should be aware that it will be bought primarily on art and perhaps before even stories. Art is going to edge out subject matter, even. So, yeah, I think that’s something people don’t think of, especially as translators, since they’re focused on the words.

Andie Ho: Well, thank you very much for your time today, Edward. I can’t wait to meet you in person in LA.

Edward Gauvin: Yeah, I’m looking forward to it! I hope [the] BA.5 [subvariant] allows it nevertheless to be a safer event for all concerned.

Andie Ho: All fingers, toes, limbs, everything crossed. For sure. Alright, well, thank you very much!

This concludes our episode for today. You can subscribe to the continuing education series podcast on SoundCloud at soundcloud.com/ATA/FLD or on iTunes by searching for “continuing education series” in the iTunes store. You can contact the FLD at divisionfld [at] atanet [dot] org, visit our website at ata-divisions.org/FLD or get in touch with us on social media. This is handy Andy Ho, signing off. Thanks for listening and à bientôt!

Edward Gauvin is a 2021 Guggenheim fellow and award-winning translator. He has received grants and residencies from the National Endowment for the Arts, PEN America, the Fulbright program, Ledig House, the Lannan Foundation, the Banff Centre, and the French and Belgian governments. His work has appeared in The New York Times, Harper’s, The Guardian, and World Literature Today. As a translation advocate, he has written widely, spoken at universities and festivals, and taught at the Bread Loaf Translation Conference. The translator of over 400 graphic novels, he is a contributing editor for comics at Words Without Borders.

ATA Podcast host Andie Ho is a certified French to English translator specializing in the food industry. She earned her M.A. in translation from Kent State University and is now based in the Houston area. She currently serves as the ATA’s French Language Division administrator. You can follow her on Twitter at @JHawkTranslator or email her at andie [at] andiehotranslations [dot] com.

Transcribed by Isabelle Berquin, PhD, CT. She is an ATA-certified English <> French freelance translator specializing in the life sciences and medicine. A native speaker of French from Belgium, she has a BS in biology and a PhD in cancer biology. Her favorite translation projects are those that allow her to leverage her 20-year experience in biomedical research. She has been living in the USA since 1990. In her spare time, she enjoys reading, going on nature walks, gardening, painting, printmaking, cooking and singing. Find her online here.

[Transcript] ATA Continuing Education Series Podcast – Episode 16 – State of the FLD June 2020

Close-up of a microphone against a purple background
ATA FLD Podcast. Photo Credit: Unsplash

The A Propos Logo

To make our Continuing Education Series Podcast more accessible and searchable for FLD members and the general public, we are now offering transcriptions of our episodes right here on À Propos. Many thanks to our volunteer transcriptionists, who are credited at the bottom of each transcription. If you’re interested in helping us transcribe podcast episodes, email divisionFLD [at] atanet [dot] org.

HOW TO LISTEN TO THE ORIGINAL EPISODE

SOUNDCLOUD: You can listen to or download Episode 16 and all previous episodes on Soundcloud here.

ITUNES: This episode and all previous episodes are available on iTunes here. You can subscribe or listen online. Like what you hear? Rate us and review us! It really helps get the word out.

Episode 16: State of the FLD June 2020

Cathy-Eitel Nzume: Hello and welcome. This is Cathy-Eitel Nzume, host of the Continuing Education Series, a podcast we produce as a benefit for the members of the French Language Division of the American Translators Association. This series tries to offer educational content about the craft of French to English and English to French translation and, of course, about our division.

For today’s episode, it is my pleasure to welcome our wonderful administrator, Jenn Mercer, and Andie Ho, our dedicated assistant administrator, for our state of the French Language Division session.

Jenn Mercer: Thanks for having us.

Andie Ho: Thank you for having us.

Cathy-Eitel Nzume: You’re welcome! We have so many things to talk about today, I’m not sure where to start. Jenn, would you like to start off by telling our members about the highlights of the year?

Jenn Mercer: This is not a year that is bursting with highlights, but one big change that I think everyone has heard is that we have a new podcast host. Thanks, Cathy-Eitel; welcome to the team. Otherwise, I think we have all been adjusting to the new normal in many cases. Some of us have less work, some of us are maybe doing a different variety of work. Interpreters are being forced to adjust to either a lot of remote work or going onto the front lines with healthcare workers. Hats off to all of them!

Cathy-Eitel Nzume: Jenn, I recently joined the Discord platform. Can you tell us about FLD’s online presence, social media, websites, and new platforms, such as Discord? As a reminder, this is all managed by the volunteers of our Leadership Council. Can you tell us what the Council has been up to, or can you tell us what are the rules and the purpose of the new platforms? I know these are a lot of questions at the same time, but could you please tell us a little bit about our online presence?

Andie Ho: I’m going to jump in here and talk about our website, and that is at www.ata-divisions.org/FLD/. There you will find information about the Leadership Council, upcoming events, and our blog/newsletter, which is being run by Ben Karl; he is doing a great job at that. We have our Twitter account, which is @ATA_FLD. We have our Facebook group, which is ATA French Language Division. That one you have to be an FLD member for, so if you just click to join the group, you will be let into it once it is confirmed that you are a member. We have our LinkedIn page, and that one is called French Language Division of the American Translators Association. And then we have our listserv, our email list, which has moved. It is now under Groups.io, instead of the Yahoo group that we used to be under. If you are not subscribed, and you would like to subscribe, contact me or Jenn, at divisionfld [at] atanet [dot] org and we will get you all set up.

Jenn has news about our new social media options.

Jenn Mercer: This is a very isolating time because of the coronavirus. Myself, I work in an office all alone, what would be different? But somehow it still is. Because of that isolation and because it sounded like fun, we started a monthly zoom meeting. We have established a regular schedule now; it’s going to be on the second Thursday of each month. It’s hosted by Eve Bodeux, who is our former French Language Division administrator. You can find information for that on the FLD mailing list, the listserv we mentioned before. It is on Facebook, and you can also find it on our new Discord server. The Zoom meeting is once a month, but Discord is available anytime you feel like chatting. If you are familiar with Slack, Discord is a lot like that, but it is just a smaller, simpler server. You can get an invite link for that in the monthly announcements for our social networking, or, again, you can email divisionfld [at] atanet [dot] org and we will get you connected. Both this and the Zoom sessions are FLD member benefits, so just for us. There are rules posted in the Discord chat, but if you are familiar at all with FLD and the ATA, you probably know a lot of these already: be respectful, be professional, and never, ever discuss specific rates in any form.

Cathy-Eitel Nzume: Thank you so much, Jenn. Andie, sadly we are all aware of what is going on around the world right now, namely, the world is facing the challenging COVID-19 virus. Have you been keeping busy during the quarantine?

Andie Ho: Keeping busy hasn’t been the problem, the issue for me has been staying sane! A friend of mine put it really well yesterday. He said, “no matter what your situation is at home, there is some aspect of your life that makes quarantine and the pandemic especially hard for you.” Whether you have kids or you don’t have kids, you are living with someone or you don’t live with someone, somehow you have some sort of exacerbating circumstance. Personally, to be completely honest, I spent March in denial about Covid, and then I spent April hyperventilating. Like many, though not all, translators, and especially interpreters, my business is at an all-time low. But now that I have had some time to collect myself and my thoughts, I have reached the acceptance phase, as I call it, of this crisis. Now I am focusing on improving my business, whether that is through continuing education and webinars, or redesigning my website. I am also thinking about the future, about what things I can do now so that I can pull the trigger on them once the economy comes back and once things become somewhat normal again. I’m not going to lie, the pandemic has been pretty hard on me; but I am an optimist by nature—I continue to hold out hope that we will come out of this better than before. That said, I would be remiss not to mention that we have FLD members and ATA members who have been personally hit by COVID-19, or who have had family members come down with it, and even die from it. I am confident that I speak for everyone when I say that our hearts go to those colleagues of ours. Stay strong, stay healthy everybody.

Cathy-Eitel Nzume: Absolutely, thank you. Our hearts go out to all of the people who have been affected by this disease. Jenn, I have heard from many fellow translators that the corona crisis has also had a big impact on their workload. I know I share the same issue. Can you tell us how it has been for you, how you think it will affect the ATA convention in Boston—any word on that? Do you have any suggestions for our fellow colleagues?

Jenn Mercer: My situation, Andy said it really well. She mentioned she is in the acceptance phase. I started off in the denial phase. I said, lockdown, seriously, how is that different from my normal life? I work from home already…. Until I realized that no one was contacting me. No. One. So, I have absolutely seen a decline. I have started to see some tiny signs of life in different corners than I usually work, but I’m not complaining. I think none of us can really say for sure what things will be like in October. Personally, I have not made plans, I am just waiting to see what happens. I have a couple of quotes from a recent ATA board meeting. I don’t speak for ATA, but these are some things to keep in mind. This is from the treasurer:

Our initial estimates of potential losses for the Boston conference indicate that cancelling at this time would result in the greatest loss; holding an in-person event would result in a smaller loss, and holding a hybrid event would result in the smallest loss. At this time, we assume we will have a loss for all 2020 models.

I think we all feel that deeply. Also:

Although the situation is changing really fast, it has been determined that there will be an online component for the 2020 annual conference.

That is information I have. I think we can all understand that is only some information. As admin, I saw a lot of exciting ideas for the French track coming through. I’m actually starting to hear from people who have received acceptances. It sounds great. I just don’t know what form it will take. Also, of course, we all need to be concerned about our own health and risk factors, as well as, some of us, our finances might not be as robust, and you always have to take a look at your own situation, and your own health, in anything, I think.

Cathy-Eitel Nzume: Thank you. As a reminder of what we have accomplished so far, the Continuing Education Series aired fantastic episodes about legal translation, sustainable development, genealogy, and even a translation slam. As for the upcoming ATA annual conference, we are accepting suggestions from all members and non-members who would like to share their knowledge with the division and other colleagues during the conference. Don’t be scared! No public speaking experience is necessary. If you are interested, please email us at divisionfld [at] atanet [dot] org. We are interested in all topics, all subjects. Speaking of topics, we have one English to French topic about poorly written source content that needs a guest speaker. If you are interested in discussing terrible source content, or anything else, please get in touch.

Thank you, Jenn. Andie, thank you so much for joining me today. Have a great summer and, hopefully, see you soon in Boston.

Jenn Mercer: Thanks.

Andie Ho: Hope to see you there!

Cathy-Eitel Nzume: This concludes our episode for today. You can subscribe to the Continuing Education Series podcasts on SoundCloud at soundcloud.com/ata-fld or on iTunes by searching for Continuing Education Series in the iTunes store. You can contact the FLD at divisionfld [at] atanet [dot] org. Visit our website at www.ata-divisions.org/fld or get in touch with us on social media. This is Cathy-Eitel Nzume signing off. Thanks for listening, et à bientôt.

ATA Podcast host Cathy-Eitel Nzume is a certified French to English and English to French Court Interpreter, translator, Department of State Certified Linguist and legal professional. She specializes in legal and conference interpreting as well as legal and financial translation. You can find her on LinkedIn at https://www.linkedin.com/in/cathyeitelnzume/ or on Twitter at @CathyENzume.

Andie Ho is a certified French to English translator specializing in the food industry. She earned her M.A. in translation from Kent State University and is now based in the Houston area. She currently serves as the ATA’s French Language Division administrator. You can follow her on Twitter at @JHawkTranslator or email her at andie [at] andiehotranslations [dot] com.

Jenn Mercer is a certified French to English translator.

Transcribed by Virginia (Ginny) Layton-Leal. She is a French and Spanish to English translator specialized in wellness and evidence-based complimentary medicine, and a French and Spanish medical interpreter with experience in medical examiner and medical weight loss interpreting. She holds a Certificate in Professional Translation and Interpreting (Spanish) from the University of Massachusetts Amherst and a BA in Romance Languages (French/Spanish) from Mount Holyoke College. She is a member of ATA and NETA. When Ginny is not working with words, you will find her at an East Coast swing dance.

[Transcript] ATA Continuing Education Series Podcast – Episode 17 – State of the FLD November 2020

ATA French Language Division Podcast
The FLD Podcast. Photo Credit: Unsplash

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To make our Continuing Education Series Podcast more accessible and searchable for FLD members and the general public, we are now offering transcriptions of our episodes right here on À Propos. Many thanks to our volunteer transcriptionists, who are credited at the bottom of each transcription. If you’re interested in helping us transcribe podcast episodes, email divisionFLD [at] atanet [dot] org.

HOW TO LISTEN TO THE ORIGINAL EPISODE

SOUNDCLOUD: You can listen to or download Episode 17 and all previous episodes on Soundcloud here.

ITUNES: This episode and all previous episodes are available on iTunes here. You can subscribe or listen online. Like what you hear? Rate us and review us! It really helps get the word out.

Episode 17: State of the FLD November 2020

Cathy-Eitel: Bonjour ! Bienvenue chez l’éditeur. This is Cathy-Eitel Nzume, host of the Continuing Education Series, a podcast we produce as a benefit for members of the French Language Division of the American Translators Association and those interested in becoming members. This series tries to offer educational content about the craft of French-to-English and English-to-French translation, interpretation, and about our division.

For today’s episode, it is my pleasure to welcome Andie Ho, our newly installed administrator, for our State of the FLD Session. Some of you may be familiar with Andie, as she previously served as FLD Assistant Administrator.

Andie Ho: Hi, Cathy-Eitel. Hello FLD listeners. It’s nice to be on the podcast again. Thank you for the wonderful welcome. I am honored to be the FLD’s new administrator. I’ll be working together with our new assistant administrator, Beth Smith, who many of you already know from being around, and, working together, we’ll attempt to fill the giant shoes that Jen Mercer left behind for us.

Cathy-Eitel: Congratulations, again, Andie! Could you tell us a little bit about you, and what can we expect from the FLD for the upcoming year?

Andie Ho: Well, even though we just had the Annual Conference, we are already working next year’s conference, looking for a distinguished speaker for the FLD. We have to complete the paperwork pretty soon, in January, I believe, so it’s really important that we start looking for somebody now, so if anybody has ideas or suggestions for our distinguished speaker, please let us know. In other news, we hope to kick off the certification exam study group sometime next year since it looks like the ATA exams are going to resume soon. Our current plan is for people to do practice translations at home, and then pair up with a partner and give each other feedback. We will be starting a new round each month, with a new package to translate each month and a new partner to work with, so people can jump on the train any time and join the group, and the practice exams will be available in both language directions, English to French and French to English.

Cathy-Eitel: Thank you, Andie. Now let’s dive into another important topic. So, the 2020 ATA Annual Conference. The Conference was certainly different this year. It went virtual! Nevertheless, I personally think it was a success. Thanks to the organizers, everything went so smoothly, and attendees were still able to learn, network, and have fun. Could you share your thoughts on the 2020 ATA Conference?

Andie Ho: I thought the conference was a wild success, given everything that had to happen to pivot into an online event, turn it suddenly into an online event. I know lots of people were worried that there wouldn’t be opportunities to socialize and network with other people, but the organizers did a fantastic job of making sure we still had opportunities for that. The speakers did a great job, and I definitely want to congratulate the FLD speakers that represented us and made us proud of them. The conference organizers, I know, are actively seeking feedback right now on the conference because, apparently, they expect to have a hybrid version of the conference next year. So, if any of you who attended have opinions, either positive or negative, please email the ATA board, the officers, and let them know what you think.

Cathy-Eitel: Oh, wow. I didn’t know that. A hybrid version will be awesome, but do you have any recommendations for the next conference? What about advice for fellow translators and interpreters as to how to proceed now that the conference is over?

Andie Ho: Well, whether the conference is in-person or online, what you want to do afterwards is make sure you follow up, follow through with the things that you learned in the sessions and follow up with the people you met. Make time to try out the new software you heard about. Check out the new resource you heard about. Reach out and stay in touch with the people that you met. You can do like I have done, which is set yourself a reminder each week or every so often to email the people that you met, say, three months from now, see how they’re doing, or you can work together to brainstorm new business ideas that you came up with at the conference. These are all really important things, because the conference works best if you do something with the information that you got out of it, otherwise, you know, you’re not really getting the full benefit.

Cathy-Eitel: Okay, well, last time we spoke, Covid-19 was sort of at its peak. We are not out of the woods yet, and it’s difficult to meet in person; therefore, I think it is important to find a way to connect virtually. Andie, please, would you remind our fellow FLD members of the various ways to stay in touch or find out about FLD events?

Andie Ho: Oh, wow. FLD has more ways than ever to stay in touch. We are on Twitter, Facebook, and LinkedIn, and have been for a long time, of course. Also, we still have the website. We have a newsletter and email discussion list, and, of course, this podcast, and we are now on Discord, which is another kind of messaging forum where people can chat. You should have, if you are an FLD member, you should have received an email recently, just last week I believe, detailing all of these different ways to stay in touch, with links, you can find us. And, new and improved, we’ve also started doing monthly Zoom meetups so that people can talk about their challengers or just enjoy each other’s company since we can’t see each other in person right now, but make sure you subscribe to at least one of the communications channels I mentioned so that you hear about the monthly Zoom meetings and get the announcements. We only post the actual link in the closed forum, for instance, listserv or the Facebook group, and that’s to make sure that our meetings don’t get hacked. Unfortunately, that is a thing that happens in this world, but, also, [laughter], yeah. You can also always just reach out to us to get the link. The main thing is that you need to subscribe to at least one method of communication, just so you get the announcements, the dates and times for the monthly Zoom meetups.

Cathy-Eitel: Thank you so much, Andie, for all the reminders. Now, your continuing education series is fantastic episodes about legal translations, sustainable development, genealogy, and even a translation slam. And for the future episodes, we are accepting suggestions from all members and nonmembers who would like to share their knowledge with the division and other colleagues. No public speaking experience necessary. If you are interested, please email us at divisionfld [at] atanet [dot] org. We’re interested in all topics and subjects. Speaking of topics, we have one English-to-French topic about poorly written source content and need a guest speaker. If you’re interested in discussing terrible source content, or anything else, please get in touch.

Andie Ho: Yeah, and I’d like to add to that that the FLD is run by volunteers, so anyone can step up and contribute at any time no matter in how small a way, otherwise, Cathy-Eitel, you and I have to do everything by ourselves.

Cathy-Eitel: Well, Andie, thank you so much for joining me today. Have a great Thanksgiving.

Andie Ho: Thank you Cathy-Eitel. Thank you for having me.

Cathy-Eitel: Thank you. Bye-bye.

Cathy-Eitel Nzume is a certified French to English and English to French Court Interpreter, translator, Department of State Certified Linguist and legal professional. She specializes in legal and conference interpreting as well as legal and financial translation. You can find her on LinkedIn at https://www.linkedin.com/in/cathyeitelnzume/ or on Twitter at @CathyENzume.

Andie Ho is a certified French to English translator specializing in the food industry. She earned her M.A. in translation from Kent State University and is now based in the Houston area. She currently serves as the ATA’s French Language Division administrator. You can follow her on Twitter at @JHawkTranslator or email her at andie [at] andiehotranslations [dot] com.

Transcribed by Joan Wallace. She has been a full-time freelance translator for nearly 30 years. She holds ATA certification from French to English and Spanish to English, and also translates from Thai to English. She works primarily in medical and pharmaceutical translation, although she occasionally wanders further afield, including an ongoing collaboration with a historian involving
French-English translation of 19th-century handwritten documents. She is based in Madison, Wisconsin. You can connect with her on LinkedIn at www.linkedin.com/in/joanwallace.

FLD Continuing Education Series – Episode 19 – ATA Certification Study Group

ATA French Language Division Podcast
The FLD Podcast – Photo Credit: Unsplash

Welcome to the 19th episode of the French Language Division’s Continuing Education Series. In this episode, podcast host Andie Ho and certified FLD member Emily Moorlach talk about Emily’s experience participating in the FLD’s ATA certification exam study group and her experience taking the online certification exam.

Emily also recently wrote about her experience for the Savvy Newcomer. Check out her post, Taking and Preparing for ATA’s Online Certification Exam.

Did you know the FLD has two study groups, one for French to English and one for English to French, to help its members ace the certification exam? If certification is one of your professional goals, you could participate. These groups are a free benefit for FLD members.

Emily Moorlach is an ATA-certified French to English translator who began her career in 2016 as the Translation and Interpretation Program Manager and freelance official document translator for a non-profit organization. In 2019, after a whirlwind trip through 45 cities in Europe, Emily returned to the U.S. to start her freelance translation business, Langue Vivante LLC. She holds a B.A. in French and a B.S. in Accounting from Iowa State University. Emily also studied at La Sorbonne in Paris and has held positions as a high school French teacher and luxury travel advisor. Her main specializations include official documents, corporate communications, and tourism industry materials. For more information, visit www.langue-vivante.com.

ATA Podcast host Andie Ho is a certified French to English translator specializing in the food industry. She earned her M.A. in translation from Kent State University and is now based in the Houston area. She currently serves as the ATA’s French Language Division administrator. You can follow her on Twitter at @JHawkTranslator or email her at andie@andiehotranslations.com.

HOW TO LISTEN

SOUNDCLOUD: You can listen to or download Episode 19 and all previous episodes on Soundcloud here.

ITUNES: This episode and all previous episodes are available on iTunes here. You can subscribe or listen online. Like what you hear? Rate us and review us! It really helps get the word out.

La jurilinguistique dans tous ses états (Tome I)

A wooden gavel on a white surface
Photo : Unsplash

The A Propos Logo

Par Thomas L. West III

Frédéric Houbert, bien connu des traducteurs juridiques pour ses ouvrages de référence incontournables, tels le Dictionnaire de terminologie juridique anglais-français, dont la deuxième édition est parue en 2020, montre sa belle plume dans sa nouvelle œuvre La jurilinguistique dans tous ses états (Tome I). L’auteur met en évidence sa profonde connaissance du langage du droit en nous offrant un journal dans lequel il raconte ses expériences, ses lectures et ses observations en tant que traducteur, lexicographe et passionné de la jurilinguistique. Quatre thèmes lui servent de fil conducteur tout au long du livre : le langage du droit dans la littérature, les termes juridiques anciens, la traduction juridique et les dictionnaires. Dans un premier temps, il passe en revue les congrès de traduction auxquels il a participé un peu partout dans le monde, que ce soit en tant qu’intervenant ou simple participant. Dans le cadre de ces colloques, il a fait la connaissance des grands ténors qui ont fait la jurilinguistique, tels Jean-Claude Gémar, Susan Sarcevic, Louis Beaudoin et Larry Solan et nous rappelle les contributions de chacun. Ensuite, il nous fait (re)découvrir les références au monde du Droit et aux gens de robe chez les auteurs classiques français, de La Fontaine à Maupassant, en passant par Racine, Molière et Balzac. C’est chez un autre de ces grands écrivains, Montesquieu, qu’il découvre les origines du « langage clair », qui continue de faire couler beaucoup d’encre au XXIe siècle. Et il ne s’agit pas là de la seule mention de thèmes d’actualité. En effet, un billet de six pages est consacré à la modernisation du Code civil.

Dans d’autres chapitres, Frédéric Houbert passe en revue des livres (tels Le Droit n’est pas si vil et The Party of the First Part) sur le langage juridique qui ont vocation à faire sourire leurs lecteurs. En plus, il consacre quelque 16 pages aux termes juridiques ô combien drôles employés à Jersey, qui m’ont bien fait rire. Mais les autres pays au système juridique « mixte » ne sont pas négligés pour autant. Par exemple, l’auteur évoque les particularités du langage du Droit en Inde, au Maroc et à l’île Maurice. Et pour les inconditionnels de la culture populaire américaine, Houbert ménage une surprise : il raconte le rôle qu’ont joué les paroles des chansons de Bruce Springsteen dans les arrêts de la Cour suprême des États-Unis.

Frédéric Houbert tire de l’oubli des dictionnaires anciens qui n’ont pas perdu leur intérêt pour les passionnés du langage du Droit. Parmi ceux-ci on peut citer le Dictionnaire de droit et de pratique de Ferrière (1734) et le Dictionnaire de droit de Delbreil (1852). Il évoque aussi des dictionnaires modernes, allant de ceux qui sont connus de tous, comme le fameux Black’s, au Dictionnaire des expressions juridiques, qui n’est pas aussi célèbre parmi les traducteurs mais mérite sans doute de l’être.

Même si le livre que voici s’adresse de prime abord aux francophones natifs, les traducteurs du français vers la langue de Shakespeare y trouveront leur compte. En effet, l’auteur explique avec soin des expressions de date récente dont la traduction n’est peut-être pas encore connue des traducteurs vers l’anglais, telles « témoin assisté » et « question prioritaire de constitutionnalité », et revient sur les termes archaïques que l’on peut encore rencontrer dans les arrêts des cours françaises et qui peuvent être difficiles à traduire, surtout pour les anglophones. Les régionalismes juridiques risquent, eux aussi, d’être une source de confusion pour le traducteur accoutumé à traduire des documents franco-français. Là encore, l’auteur vient en aide en consacrant quelque sept pages aux belgicismes juridiques.

Dans sa préface, Frédéric Houbert nous promet que ce premier tome sera suivi d’un tome II. Les traducteurs, les lexicographes, les jurilinguistes et les amoureux de la langue française et de son histoire auront hâte de lire la suite, sachant qu’un vrai délice les attend.

Après avoir obtenu son diplôme de Juris Doctor à l’Université de Virginie en 1990, Thomas West a exercé comme avocat dans un grand cabinet d’Atlanta pendant cinq ans avant de devenir jurilinguiste. Il a plus de 25 ans d’expérience dans la traduction juridique et a donné des conférences sur ce sujet en Europe, en Amérique latine, en Afrique du Sud et aux États-Unis. De 2001 à 2003, il a été président de l’American Translators Association (ATA). Il est l’auteur de plusieurs dictionnaires juridiques bilingues, dont le Spanish-English Dictionary of Law and Business et le Swiss Law Dictionary (French-German-English), et a donné un cours de traduction juridique anglais-français/français-anglais à l’université Montclair State dans le premier semestre de 2021. En plus de sa langue maternelle et du français, Thomas West parle l’espagnol, l’allemand, le néerlandais, le suédois, le russe et l’afrikaans.

FLD Continuing Education Series – Episode 18 – ATA Certification

ATA French Language Division Podcast
The FLD Podcast – Photo Credit: Unsplash

Welcome to the 18th episode of the French Language Division’s Continuing Education Series. In today’s episode, podcast host Cathy-Eitel Nzume and certified FLD members Matt Bunczk and Beth Smith share their experiences taking the ATA certification exam.

Matthew Bunczk is an ATA-certified German-to-English and ATA-certified French-to-English translator specializing in business, legal, and financial translations. He is based near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he obtained a Bachelor of Arts degree in French from Ursinus College and a Certificate of Proficiency in Paralegal Studies from Delaware County Community College. His undergraduate studies brought him to Strasbourg, France, various parts of Europe, and Senegal, West Africa. After providing translations to employers on an ad hoc basis starting in 2006, he decided to turn translation into a career and has been translating full-time since 2015. You can find him on LinkedIn at https://www.linkedin.com/in/matthewbunczk.

Beth Smith is an ATA-certified French to English translator living near Houston, Texas. She specializes in advertising and marketing (especially cosmetics and luxury goods), entertainment, and literary translation. You can learn more about her work at www.itranslateFrench.net or check out her Twitter hijinks here: @BethTranslates.

ATA Podcast host Cathy-Eitel Nzume is a certified French to English and English to French Court Interpreter, translator, Department of State Certified Linguist and legal professional. She specializes in legal and conference interpreting as well as legal and financial translation. You can find her on LinkedIn at https://www.linkedin.com/in/cathyeitelnzume/ or on Twitter at @CathyENzume.

HOW TO LISTEN

SOUNDCLOUD: You can listen to or download Episode 18 and all previous episodes on Soundcloud here.

ITUNES: This episode and all previous episodes are available on iTunes here. You can subscribe or listen online. Like what you hear? Rate us!

Translator Testimonial: Joining an ATA Certification Exam Study Group

Photo Credit: Unsplash

By Amber Marcum Combaud

In December 2020, I took part in the French Language Division’s monthly meet-up. A longtime member of the ATA but trepidatious newcomer to the live, informal meetings held since the beginning of the pandemic, the chosen topic of discussion drew me in and motivated me to extend my normal work hours (GMT+1) to fit it into my schedule. That topic was feedback: giving and getting it, and hosted by Karen Tkaczyk. At the end of an hour spent pleasantly chatting with other members on both sides of the Atlantic and sharing our experiences—and apprehension—about feedback, the FLD announced it would launch an ATA Certification Exam Study Group in January 2021.

A no-brainer decision

After learning of this new FLD activity, making the decision to participate and integrate it into my CPD goals for 2021 was a no-brainer. After I completed my certificate in translation through the NYU SCPS’s online program in 2010, the idea of sitting for the ATA certification exam was enough to make me break out in hives. Though I now have a number of years of full-time freelancing under my belt, the added stress of having to fly back to the US to sit for it always made me push the exam to the bottom of my to-do list. The accountability, group dynamic, and the possibility of connecting with peers were all factors that convinced me that this was the perfect time to rise to the challenge and I planned to join this new group.

Certification exam practice à la FLD

The FLD was inspired by the Slavic Languages Division’s 2017 concept to form its own remote, asynchronous study group. In contrast to the SLD’s approach, the FLD’s self-study group is a less formal version, designed to suit the style and dynamic of the division. At the beginning of each month, an email is sent out by Andie Ho with a short text to translate under exam conditions, along with some context as to the purpose of the text, similar to the instructions that would be given on an actual exam. Links to the ample resources available on the ATA website are provided each month for newcomers. These cover the certification exam itself, a framework for standardized error marking, along with error descriptions. From that point, the translator is free to organize their practice as they wish. They must simply alert Andie by the stated deadline in order to be paired up with a partner for review and feedback. The pairs or groups (in the event of an odd number of participants in a given month) determine how they exchange feedback, whether via the Track Changes mode in Word, a Zoom or telephone call, email exchanges, or a combination of these. A separate, dedicated Discord channel was also created as a forum for terminology, discussing challenges and asking general questions.

How I approach the practice texts and feedback

Translation strategy

I generally complete the translation towards the end of the month so that the text is top of mind. To train myself for the actual exam, I try to stick to an hour max. for all steps in the process: reading the instructions and the full text, term identification, research, drafting, revision and a “read-aloud” review. A side-by-side comparison with the original is important for ensuring that I haven’t left out any words or ideas, a mistake that could be costly. In an exam situation, I would move on to the second passage after the revision step in order to leave time for my text to mature in my mind before doing any tweaking prior to submittal. Depending on the subject and type of text, most months I am able to stay within this timeframe, but in others I have pushed it to 1.5 hours. This would be risky in a real exam, since the time limit is three hours.

The feedback phase

Once partner assignments have gone out, I take the time to review the original passage as well as my own translation, listing any questions I might want to bring up with my partner. As I read through their text, I try to keep in mind the fact that the first item in the list explaining what the certification exam tests for is “compliance with the specifications of the Translation Instructions.” While the goal is certainly not to train as a grader, following the example of one of my peer reviewers, I now try to apply the grading framework in order to identify types of errors. This helps me to keep to the neutral side of constructive criticism. Finally, since the Framework for Standardized Error Marking does allow points to be awarded for “up to three specific instances of exceptional translation,” I make a point to highlight well-written phrases and good word choices in the person’s text as well as smart approaches to prickly issues in the original.

Regarding feedback

I’ve most appreciated when we’ve been able to create dialogue regarding the challenges of a specific text and individual choices. In general, I have received feedback in Track Changes in Word, but I have also been able to connect virtually with a few of my partners to make their acquaintance on Zoom. This has been a positive, satisfying part of my experience. Overall, the process has allowed me to open up more to constructive criticism and confront potential blind spots with humility.

Personal takeaways

A wider range of texts to translate

From the start of my career, I’ve had a pretty narrow niche, due to how I got my start as a translator in a technical field. When I began freelancing, I was able to branch out into other fields and types of documents. The study group has provided a refreshing variety of topics to work on, and not having a choice in the assignments has been beneficial to help me identify and break free from old patterns.

Style

Living in Europe, at times I am asked to conform to UK spelling rather than US. This means that my eyes have become more accepting of spelling variations, an area where losing points would be nonsense! Further, being surrounded by French speakers can prove dangerous if I allow Romance-language structure too much influence on my writing in English. Going into the practice test and any real exam sitting, I’ll know to pay particular attention to both of these points.

Unexpected situations

Through the proposed texts, I’ve encountered a few unexpected situations, like a presumed typo in a company name. While I’m not sure that this curveball was intended, I’ve been able to research how to handle this situation were it to arise during a real exam sitting. I’m also better prepared to manage the technical aspects of what graders expect in terms of deliverables.

Next steps

As summertime is quickly approaching, my next step is completing a practice test passage. I’m also considering how to take advantage of this typically slower period of the year to do more self-study. If all goes as planned, I’ll sit for one of the remote exams offered in September.

In the future, once I’ve reached my goal of certification, I’d like to join a Rev Club. I’ve really enjoyed getting to work with other translators in this non-competitive setting and enriching my own work through contact with theirs.

Advantages of the remote, asynchronous format

  • You can participate on your own time, per your schedule.
  • Joining the study group does not require you to translate the text each month.
  • The long-term nature of the group allows you to familiarize yourself with the dense information about the exam over a longer period of time and break it down in smaller, easy to digest portions.
  • Participants can choose a way to meet and give feedback that suits their personality, preferences and/or schedule.
  • The Discord channel is open for discussion outside your assigned pair or group.

Limitations of a remote practice test group

  • It can be hard to gauge improvement, as the type of text changes each month.
  • There is no benchmark translation with which to compare your work.
  • You may find that translating one text per month may not be enough practice and it could be difficult to maintain momentum.
  • Feedback and interaction with peers vary.
  • Not everyone sees or is connected to the Discord group.

Possible routes to refinement

Getting started

For an into-English group, it could be helpful to spend the first month focusing on the Into-English Grading Standards. This would set aside time specifically for reading the available resource materials, getting familiar with the test format and dos and don’ts, as well as questions, before starting to work on translation passages.

Fostering group interactions

Because the group is not static, and not everyone completes the translation each month, you may end up working with the same partner on multiple occasions. In this event, the Discord channel can be used to request additional input on a specific point or to share something you’ve learned. An additional benefit of doing so is that other FLD members may see your post and get involved in the discussion.

Involving already-certified translators

One particular component of the SLD’s study group cycle that stands out as a potential improvement to the FLD initiative is the Expert Feedback step. The article linked above mentions that “the organizers put together a list of challenges encountered and solicit feedback from volunteer experts… the reviewers do not grade each individual translation, but do provide overall guidance on common challenges.” I found this appealing, although it would require care so that guidelines and expectations are clear for both participants and volunteer CT.

Final thoughts

Over the past five months, the experience has given me the opportunity to meet and exchange feedback with five different colleagues, only one of whom I had ever crossed paths with in the past. This has been the most surprising benefit of committing to working towards certification. When I first joined the ATA, I lived outside a major metropolitan area without a local chapter. In spite of attending the annual conference in NYC in 2009, I found it difficult to stay in touch with members before social media was considered an essential part of our professional lives. Thus far, I’ve really appreciated feeling a sense of belonging to the FLD and developing stronger ties to the ATA by extension.

No matter the form it takes, a certification exam study group is a golden opportunity to invest in your professional development. In the end, it only requires a few hours each month. If this inside look at what the FLD study group can be has motivated you to give it a go, contact divisionFLD [at] atanet.org to sign up and specify if you would like to participate in the French to English group or the English to French group.

Amber Marcum Combaud

Amber Marcum Combaud holds a professional certificate in French to English translation from NYU and a Bachelors in French and Linguistics from UVA. She got her big break in translation thanks to a wine and cheese party. Thereafter, she spent five years working as an in-house technical and corporate communications translator–project administrator for a company in the power generation niche. Currently based in Marseille, she began freelancing in 2016 to serve a wider range of clients in the energy, industry, and construction sectors, local businesses seeking to expand their horizons abroad, and individuals. An active member of the Société française des traducteurs in PACA, she served as a delegate from 2017–2019. In her free time, she enjoys cooking, paddle boarding, art museums, and live jazz. amber [at] amc-communication.com / www.amc-communication.com

 

Beat the Machine: 4 Little Words, 1 Big Challenge

A vintage toy robot
Photo Credit: Unsplash

By Sam Mowry

How it can be March 2021 when it feels like it never stopped being March 2020, I’ll never know! But it’s a new month and a new chance to compare translations. If you need a quick refresher, you can read about the premise of the Beat the Machine mini translation slam in our inaugural post here. Very simply, we’re out to prove how much better human translators are than machines and maybe learn something from one another in the process. After last month’s technical beast, we’re going in a very different direction this month with by far our shortest sentence ever:

Le réveil fut brutal.

Yes, it really is just four words long! This is an excerpt from the book L’Insomnie by Tahar Ben Jelloun. Rather than showing you what Google Translate would have given us (feel free to check, if you’re curious!), here is the context for this sentence, which ends a chapter:

Mes rêves étaient denses et riches. Je me voyais voguer sur les flots bleus de la Méditerranée, comme si j’étais sur des skis. J’allais très vite, des oiseaux de toutes les couleurs m’accompagnaient. Je chantais, je dansais, comme dans un film de Fred Astaire ! J’étais heureux et je crois même que je m’entichai d’une femme brune à la longue chevelure. Mais quelqu’un me disait à l’oreille : « Attention, c’est la mort ; il arrive parfois qu’elle se déguise pour faire diversion ! » C’est alors que je suis tombé dans la mer, je me noyais. Le réveil fut brutal.

Despite the rest of these words before it, I’m only asking for a translation of the very last sentence there. Four words, including a tense we don’t have in English and a noun that doesn’t have a direct equivalent. There are a million ways to go with this, so let’s see what you do!

Submit your translation here by March 31, 2021, and the blog post discussing it will go up in April!

Please note the following:

  • Only FLD members will have their translations posted on this blog. Membership is free for current ATA members, so if you aren’t a member yet, make sure to join before you submit your translation!
  • You are free to submit your sentence anonymously, but half the fun will be crediting the creative submissions we receive by name and recognizing their authors.
  • You may submit as many times as you like in case you have a stroke of genius after your initial submission. This month in particular; you are encouraged to submit as many times as you like!

Have you translated or read a particularly pesky sentence this year that you can share for this project? Please send it along! Are you interested in helping us do the same virtual translation slam, but from English to French? We’d love to have one or more volunteers to do this series, but in reverse! If you’re interested, please contact Ben Karl, the À Propos editor, at ben [at] bktranslation.com or myself, Sam Mowry, at sam [at] frenchtranslation.expert to let us know!