{"id":106,"date":"2016-05-02T22:29:00","date_gmt":"2016-05-03T02:29:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ata-divisions.org\/JLD\/wp\/2016\/05\/02\/words-and-%e8%a8%80%e8%91%89-by-jim-davis-3\/"},"modified":"2016-05-02T22:29:00","modified_gmt":"2016-05-03T02:29:00","slug":"words-and-%e8%a8%80%e8%91%89-by-jim-davis-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ata-divisions.org\/JLD\/2016\/05\/02\/words-and-%e8%a8%80%e8%91%89-by-jim-davis-3\/","title":{"rendered":"Words and \u8a00\u8449 by Jim Davis"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u201cTwo Roads Diverged …\u201d: <\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
Making Good Choices in Japanese-into-English Translation<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
(Part 2)<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n

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This is the second of four parts of a paper based on the standing-room-only presentation Jim gave at the 2015 ATA Conference in Miami entitled “Two Roads Diverged …”: Making Good Choices in Japanese-into-English Translation.<\/span><\/div>\n

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<\/span><\/b>Example 4<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n

This brief paragraph immediately followed Example 3 in the original article:<\/span><\/div>\n
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\u30b5\u30a4\u30d0\u30fc\u3067\u6c42\u3081\u3089\u308c\u308b\u306e\u306f\u578b\u306b\u306f\u307e\u3089\u306a\u3044<\/span>\u3001\u8edf\u3089\u304b\u306a<\/u>\u982d\u8133<\/u>\u3060\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u306a\u304b\u3070\u624d\u80fd<\/u>\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u80b2\u3066\u308b<\/u>\u306e\u306f\u96e3\u3057\u3044\u3002<\/span>                                            <\/span>                                                            <\/span>(4)<\/span><\/div>\n
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The term <\/span>\u30b5\u30a4\u30d0\u30fc<\/span>literally means \u201ccyber,\u201d but it is important to recognize that in the first sentence the term actually refers to \u201cthe cyber world,\u201d in the sense of the world in which programmers, application developers, and hackers operate. (Another option would be \u201ca career in cyber.\u201d With this option the addition of \u201ca career\u201d indicates the reference to the world of cyber-related work.) The noun <\/span>\u982d\u8133<\/span> <\/span>usually refers to \u201chead\u201d or \u201cbrains.\u201d However, in this instance we have two modifiers (<\/span>\u578b\u306b\u306f\u307e\u3089\u306a\u3044<\/span> and <\/span>\u8edf\u3089\u304b\u306a<\/span>) that must also be taken into consideration. The adjective <\/span>\u8edf\u3089\u304b\u306a<\/span> often means \u201csoft\u201d or \u201cgentle,\u201d but it can also mean \u201cflexible.\u201d <\/span>In this context either \u201csupple\u201d or \u201cnimble\u201d could also be used for <\/span>\u8edf\u3089\u304b\u306a<\/span> to describe the kind of mind or brain that is desirable. <\/span>The idiomatic expression <\/span>\u578b\u306b\u306f\u307e\u308b<\/span> carries the meaning \u201cto fit the mold.\u201d Two options for the first sentence follow:<\/span><\/div>\n
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What is needed\/required for the cyber world is a mind\/brain<\/u> that is flexible\/supple\/nimble<\/u> and                                  <\/span>doesn\u2019t follow\/stick to a fixed pattern<\/b>.                                                            <\/span>(4a)<\/span><\/div>\n
                        <\/span>is not wedded to routine<\/b>.                                                                 <\/span><\/b>            <\/span>(4b)<\/span><\/div>\n
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If we place one of the attributes before the noun, we could produce something like this:<\/span><\/div>\n
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What is needed\/required for the cyber world is a<\/u> flexible\/supple\/nimble<\/u> mind\/brain<\/u><\/span><\/div>\n
                        <\/span>that is unconventional<\/b>.                                                                                <\/span>(4c)<\/span><\/div>\n
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Thus far, we have focused on <\/span>the literal meaning of <\/span>\u982d\u8133<\/span> as a physical entity. In this context we could also consider the action carried out by this physical entity: thinking. <\/span>This rendering introduces additional possibilities. Although the <\/span>verb <\/span>\u306f\u307e\u3089\u306a\u3044<\/span> is a negative verb, the attribute <\/span>\u578b\u306b\u306f\u307e\u3089\u306a\u3044<\/span> could also be expressed in the form of an affirmative adjective or an affirmative phrase:<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
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What is needed\/required for the cyber world is <\/span><\/div>\n
            <\/span><\/span>            <\/span>flexible<\/u>thinking<\/u> that<\/b> breaks new ground<\/b>.                                                   <\/span>(4d)<\/span><\/div>\n
            <\/span>            <\/span>flexible<\/u>and unorthodox<\/b> thinking<\/u>.     <\/span>                                                            <\/span>(4e)<\/span><\/div>\n
            <\/span>            <\/span><\/span>flexible<\/span><\/u> thinking<\/u> outside the box<\/b>.                  <\/span>                                                <\/span>(4f)<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
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The phrase \u201coutside the box\u201d has become something of a clich\u00e9. It deserves consideration, but it may not be the best choice. If we look back at the various options (4a-4f) we can see that the process of thinking about different elements of the sentence in this specific context has led us from a more literal rendering to options that are more idiomatic. Options 4d and 4e may not look like the original text but still convey the intended meaning. It is, after all, the meaning that we must replicate\u2014not the form. <\/span><\/div>\n
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The final sentence contains the pronoun <\/span>\u3053\u308c<\/span>, and we must once again decide what this pronoun refers to. The word <\/span>\u624d\u80fd<\/span> normally means \u201ctalent\u201d or \u201cability.\u201d If so, the phrase <\/span>\u306a\u304b\u3070\u624d\u80fd<\/span> <\/span>could refer to \u201csomething a person must be born with,\u201d \u201cpartly natural talent,\u201d or \u201clargely a gift.\u201d In this context the pronoun <\/span>\u3053\u308c<\/span> must refer to the kind of mind or thinking that was mentioned in the preceding sentence. Depending on our choice of \u201cmind\u201d or \u201cthinking\u201d the second sentence could read,<\/span><\/div>\n
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That kind of thinking is something a person must be born with<\/u>\u2014it is difficult to teach.         <\/span>(4g)<\/span><\/div>\n
That kind of thinking is partly natural talent<\/u>\u2014it is difficult to cultivate.                                  <\/span>(4h)<\/span><\/div>\n
That kind of mind is largely a gift<\/u>\u2014it is difficult to cultivate.                                      <\/span>(4i)<\/span><\/div>\n
      <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
Example 5<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
This brief paragraph appears later in the same article:<\/span><\/div>\n
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\u5b89\u4fdd\u3092\u62c5\u3046\u4eba\u6750\u3065\u304f\u308a\u306f\u6226\u524d\u304b\u3089\u8ab2\u984c\u3060\u3002<\/span>\u65e7\u9678\u8ecd\u306f\u9678\u8ecd\u5927\u5b66\u6821\u3067\u5e79\u90e8<\/u>\u3092\u990a\u6210\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3060\u304c\u300c\u6a21\u7bc4\u89e3\u7b54\u304c\u6c7a\u307e\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u554f\u984c\u3092\u89e3\u304b\u305b\u308b\u6559\u80b2\u304c\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u7570\u80fd\u306a\u4eba\u6750\u306f\u80b2\u3061\u3065\u3089\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/u>\u300d\u3002<\/span>                                                                                                                            <\/span>(5)<\/span><\/div>\n
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The term <\/span>\u5b89\u4fdd<\/span> is often used as an abbreviation for <\/span>\u5b89\u5168\u4fdd\u969c<\/span> <\/span>(\u201cnational security\u201d) or for the<\/span>\u65e5\u672c\u56fd\u3068\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u5408\u8846\u56fd\u3068\u306e\u9593\u306e\u76f8\u4e92\u5354\u529b\u53ca\u3073\u5b89\u5168\u4fdd\u969c\u6761\u7d04<\/span> (also abbreviated as <\/span>\u65e5\u7c73\u5b89\u4fdd\u6761\u7d04<\/span>) (\u201cTreaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan\u201d). However, in many instances <\/span>\u5b89\u4fdd<\/span> means \u201csecurity\u201d in a general sense that may include national security as well as security against other types of threats. (For example, <\/span>\u98df\u7ce7\u5b89\u4fdd<\/span> refers to \u201cfood security.\u201d) The article in question mentions <\/span>\u30b5\u30a4\u30d0\u30fc\u653b\u6483<\/span>(\u201ccyber attacks\u201d) and <\/span>\u30b5\u30a4\u30d0\u30fc\u6226<\/span> (\u201ccyber war\u201d or \u201conline warfare\u201d) in nearly every paragraph. However, the article also refers to threats against \u201c<\/span>\u653f\u5e9c\u3084\u56fd\u5185\u306e\u4f01\u696d\u3001\u5927\u5b66<\/span>\u201d (\u201cthe government or domestic companies and universities\u201d). In this context it would be reasonable to translate <\/span>\u5b89\u4fdd<\/span>as \u201csecurity matters.\u201d That translation would indicate the serious nature of the issue, but would not restrict the scope to \u201cnational security.\u201d <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
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The topic of the first sentence is <\/span>\u4eba\u8ca1\u3065\u304f\u308a<\/span> (\u201cdeveloping\/preparing\/training people\u201d) for a task. The task is described by the modifying clause <\/span>\u5b89\u4fdd\u3092\u62c5\u3046<\/span>. The verb <\/span>\u62c5\u3046<\/span> usually means \u201cto assume responsibility (for something)\u201d or \u201cto be in charge (of something).\u201d A fairly literal rendering would lead us to one of the following:<\/span><\/div>\n
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Developing people who can assume responsibility for security matters           <\/span><\/span><\/b>                        <\/span>(5a)<\/span><\/div>\n
Preparing people who can be responsible for security matters<\/span><\/b>                                      <\/span>(5b)<\/span><\/div>\n
Training people who can take charge of security matters           <\/span>          <\/span><\/span><\/b>                          <\/span>(5c)<\/span><\/div>\n
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However, another option would be to shift our point of view and think in terms of positions\u2014rather than the people who occupy those positions. This line of thinking would lead us to<\/span><\/div>\n
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The preparation of people for responsible positions in security matters                      <\/span><\/span><\/b>(5d)<\/span><\/div>\n
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We often talk about \u201cresponsible positions\u201d within an organization, so option 5d is a perfectly reasonable alternative. This option reads more smoothly than any of the others. Now that we have a topic, we need to consider what information the first sentence provides regarding that topic. The remainder of the sentence reads <\/span>\u6226\u524d\u304b\u3089\u8ab2\u984c\u3060<\/span>. A fairly literally translation would be<\/span><\/div>\n
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has been an issue since (the time) before WWII.                                                              <\/span><\/span><\/b>(5e)<\/span><\/div>\n
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However, this is rather clumsy. If we think about the intended meaning of this portion of the sentence, we could say<\/span><\/div>\n
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was an issue even in the prewar period.<\/span><\/b>                                                                            <\/span>(5f)<\/span><\/div>\n
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This is certainly true, and it reads more smoothly than option 5e, but an even better alternative would be<\/span><\/div>\n
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is a task that predates WWII.<\/span><\/b>                                                                                             <\/span>(5g)<\/span><\/div>\n
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This option is the most concise and fits together well with option 5d. The second sentence is fairly straightforward:<\/span><\/div>\n
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The Imperial Japanese Army developed its senior leaders\/elite officer corps<\/u> at the Army War College.                                                                                 <\/span>                                                <\/span>(5h)<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
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In a company or a government agency <\/span>\u5e79\u90e8<\/span> would usually refer to \u201csenior leaders\u201d or \u201cleadership team.\u201d However, because this sentence refers to the highest ranking officers in the army, \u201celite officer corps\u201d would probably be a better choice. The first portion of the final sentence could read<\/span><\/div>\n
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However, \u201cThat education was based mainly on solving problems that had predetermined answers\/solutions, and …                                                            <\/span>                                                <\/span>(5i)<\/span><\/div>\n
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The second portion of this sentence contains a topic, but we must decide exactly how to describe this topic and what\u2014if any\u2014subject to combine with <\/span>\u80b2\u3061\u3065\u3089\u304b\u3063\u305f<\/span>. The subject could be \u201cthe system\u201d or \u201cthe school,\u201d or we could adopt passive voice and dispense with a subject completely. The noun <\/span>\u4eba\u6750<\/span> generally refers to \u201chuman resources.\u201d However, the goal of the Army War College was to develop <\/span>\u5e79\u90e8<\/span> for the army, and the thrust of the entire article in which this paragraph appeared was the need for modern Japan to develop more hackers or people who can compete against hackers. Thus, in this context we may assume that the person who made the original statement was referring to \u201cindividuals.\u201d Moreover, these are not ordinary individuals; they are <\/span>\u7570\u80fd\u306a<\/span> individuals. Keeping in mind all of these ideas, the second portion of this sentence could be rendered as some combination of the following:<\/span><\/div>\n
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the system struggled to develop<\/span><\/u>                       <\/span>individuals with exceptional ability<\/u>.\u201d              <\/span>(5j)<\/span><\/div>\n
the school produced few<\/span><\/u>                                  <\/span>individuals with unusual skills<\/u>.\u201d                     <\/span>(5k)<\/span><\/div>\n
it was difficult to produce<\/span><\/u>                                <\/span>uniquely talented individuals<\/u>.\u201d                        <\/span>(5l)<\/span><\/div>\n
     <\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
(to be continued)<\/span><\/div>\n
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Jim Davis is Professor and Director of the Technical Japanese Program in the Dept. of Engineering Professional Development at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.<\/span><\/div>\n
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\u201cTwo Roads Diverged …\u201d: Making Good Choices in Japanese-into-English Translation (Part 2) This is the second of four parts of a paper based on the standing-room-only presentation Jim gave at the 2015 ATA Conference in Miami entitled “Two Roads Diverged …”: Making Good Choices in Japanese-into-English Translation. Example 4 This brief paragraph immediately followed Example […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[8,29,21],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ata-divisions.org\/JLD\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/106"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ata-divisions.org\/JLD\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ata-divisions.org\/JLD\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ata-divisions.org\/JLD\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ata-divisions.org\/JLD\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=106"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.ata-divisions.org\/JLD\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/106\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ata-divisions.org\/JLD\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=106"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ata-divisions.org\/JLD\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=106"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ata-divisions.org\/JLD\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=106"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}