{"id":892,"date":"2024-03-18T12:55:09","date_gmt":"2024-03-18T16:55:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ata-divisions.org\/LawD\/?p=892"},"modified":"2025-02-11T13:10:28","modified_gmt":"2025-02-11T18:10:28","slug":"things-legal-translators-need-to-know-whats-in-the-codigo-civil-part-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ata-divisions.org\/LawD\/things-legal-translators-need-to-know-whats-in-the-codigo-civil-part-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Things Legal Translators Need to Know: What\u2019s in the C\u00f3digo Civil? (Part 2)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><strong>Part 2\u2014Derecho de obligaciones<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p>By Rebecca Jowers<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A lawyer friend from the US once asked me, \u201c<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Derecho de obligaciones<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, that\u2019s the same as <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Derecho de contratos<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, right?\u201d Well, although closely related, no, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Derecho de obligaciones<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is a specific and rather extensive area of civil law, and Spanish law school students must generally complete the course on <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Obligaciones<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> prior to taking <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Contratos<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> or <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Derecho de da\u00f1os<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (tort law). For those curious about the content, here is a rundown of some of the topics appearing in a typical <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Derecho de obligaciones<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> syllabus:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><i>Fuentes de las obligaciones<\/i><\/b> <em>(sources of obligations)<\/em><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sources of obligations include <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">la ley<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (legislation), <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">contratos<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (contracts),<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> cuasicontratos<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (quasi-contracts; contracts implied in law), <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">enriquecimiento injusto<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (unjust enrichment), <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">delitos graves y leves<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (felonies and misdemeanors) and <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">il\u00edcitos civiles<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (torts).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><i>Clasificaci\u00f3n de las obligaciones<\/i><\/b> <em>(classification of obligations)<\/em><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Spanish <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">civilistas <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(civil law professors) have traditionally divided obligations into multiple classifications. Some of them are listed below with possible English renderings for information purposes. But if you feel an information overload headache coming on, skip down to the next section.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">obligaci\u00f3n legal <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(legal obligation; obligation arising by operation of law; obligation imposed by law)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">obligaci\u00f3n convencional <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(conventional obligation; obligation arising from an agreement of the parties)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">obligaci\u00f3n contractual <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(contractual obligation; obligation arising in contract)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">obligaci\u00f3n cuasicontractual <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(quasi-contractual obligation; obligation resulting from a contract implied in law)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">obligaci\u00f3n procedente de un il\u00edcito civil <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(obligation arising in tort)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">obligaci\u00f3n procedente de un il\u00edcito penal <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(obligation arising from a criminal offense)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">obligaci\u00f3n unipersonal <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(single-party obligation)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">obligaci\u00f3n pluripersonal<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (multi-party obligation)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">obligaci\u00f3n parciaria<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (several obligation; separate obligation)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">obligaci\u00f3n mancomunada<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (joint obligation)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">obligaci\u00f3n solidaria<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (joint and several obligation)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">obligaci\u00f3n unilateral<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (unilateral obligation; obligation in which performance is owed by only one party)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">obligaci\u00f3n bilateral, rec\u00edproca o sinalagm\u00e1tica<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (bilateral, reciprocal or synallagmatic obligation; obligation in which each party owes performance and is both creditor and debtor of the other)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">obligaci\u00f3n pura<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (unconditional obligation; obligation not subject to a condition or term)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">obligaci\u00f3n condicional<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (conditional obligation; obligation subject to a condition)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">obligaci\u00f3n a plazo o t\u00e9rmino<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (obligation subject to a term; obligation to be performed at a later date)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">obligaci\u00f3n perfecta<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (perfect obligation; obligation fulfilling all legal requirements for enforcement)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">obligaci\u00f3n imperfecta<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (imperfect obligation; obligation lacking legal requirements for enforcement)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">obligaci\u00f3n natural<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (natural obligation; obligation not enforceable at law)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">obligaci\u00f3n civil<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (enforceable obligation)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">obligaci\u00f3n de dar<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (obligation to give or deliver specific goods or property)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">obligaci\u00f3n de hacer<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (obligation to perform a given act)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">obligaci\u00f3n de no hacer<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (obligation to refrain from performing a given act)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">obligaci\u00f3n personal<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (strictly personal obligation; obligation performable only by the obligor; obligation of non-delegable performance)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">obligaci\u00f3n de medios<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (obligation of means or diligence; best efforts obligation; best endeavors obligation)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">obligaci\u00f3n de resultado<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (obligation to achieve a specific result)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">obligaci\u00f3n pecuniaria<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (monetary obligation)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">obligaci\u00f3n de intereses<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (obligation to pay interest)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">obligaci\u00f3n divisible<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (severable obligation; obligation in which performance is severable or divisible)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">obligaci\u00f3n indivisible<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (non-severable obligation; obligation in which performance is not severable or divisible)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">obligaci\u00f3n gen\u00e9rica<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (generic obligation; obligation to deliver generic goods)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">obligaci\u00f3n espec\u00edfica<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (specific obligation; obligation to deliver specific goods)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">obligaci\u00f3n \u00fanica, simple o singular<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (single performance obligation; obligation requiring a single performance or payment)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">obligaci\u00f3n m\u00faltiple, compuesta o compleja<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (multiple performance obligation; obligation requiring two or more performances or payments)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">obligaci\u00f3n conjuntiva o cumulativa<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (conjunctive obligation; multiple performance obligation in which the debtor must render all of the performances due)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">obligaci\u00f3n alternativa<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (alternative obligation; obligation with two or more alternative performances, one of which the debtor must render)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">obligaci\u00f3n principal<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (primary or principal obligation)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">obligaci\u00f3n accesoria<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (ancillary obligation; secondary obligation; obligation incident to a primary obligation)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><b><i>Sujetos de las obligaciones<\/i><\/b><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (parties to obligations)<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These are obviously the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">acreedor<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> or <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sujeto activo de la obligaci\u00f3n<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (creditor or obligee; the party to whom an obligation is owed), and the <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">deudor<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> or <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sujeto pasivo de la obligaci\u00f3n<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (debtor or obligor; the party owing an obligation). The <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">deudor<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is also sometimes referred to as <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">el sujeto activo del cumplimiento o de la prestaci\u00f3n<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the party owing payment or performance. Depending on the context, <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">prestaci\u00f3n<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> can mean either \u201cpayment\u201d or \u201cperformance.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><i>Cumplimiento de las obligaciones<\/i><\/b><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (performance of obligations)<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Obligations may be performed directly by the debtor (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">pago o cumplimiento por parte del deudor<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">), by a third party (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cumplimiento por tercero<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">), or through several alternative means. These include, among others, assignment of the debtor\u2019s assets to the creditor (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cesi\u00f3n de bienes del deudor al acreedor<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) or acceptance of an alternative performance known as <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">daci\u00f3n en pago<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. In <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">daci\u00f3n <\/span><\/i><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">en<\/span><\/i><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> pago<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (which some sources equate with the common law accord and satisfaction) the creditor accepts some type of substitute performance in full discharge of the obligation. Similarly, in <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">daci\u00f3n <\/span><\/i><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">para<\/span><\/i><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> el pago<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> the creditor accepts substitute performance as partial payment of the debt, without fully discharging the obligation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><i>Incumplimiento de las obligaciones<\/i><\/b> <em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(non-performance of obligations)<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There may be cases of absolute failure of performance (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">incumplimiento total<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) or partial performance (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cumplimiento parcial<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">). Performance may be defective (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cumplimiento defectuoso<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">), untimely (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cumplimiento extempor\u00e1neo<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) or there may be misperformance (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cumplimiento inexacto<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">). And penalties may be assessed for delayed or late performance (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">mora; morosidad<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">), terms that have been rendered variously in English as default, arrears, arrearage, delinquency, delay in payment or failure to pay when due. Non-performance may likewise be deemed negligent (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">incumplimiento culposo<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">), willful (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">incumplimiento doloso<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) or considered to have been rendered impossible due to force majeure events (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">imposibilidad de cumplimiento por fuerza mayor<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><i>Garant\u00eda de las obligaciones y defensa del derecho de cr\u00e9dito <\/i><\/b><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(security for obligations and protection of creditor rights)<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Secured debts or loans (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cr\u00e9ditos garantizados<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) include those secured against some type of collateral (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">garant\u00eda real<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">), including a pledge, security interest or mortgage (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">prenda, prenda sin desplazamiento o hipoteca<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">), or those in which personal security (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">garant\u00eda personal<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) is given, such as a guaranty (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">fianza propia o subsidiaria<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) or surety<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (fianza solidaria<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">). Measures to protect creditor rights in litigation include seeking provisional remedies (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">medidas cautelares<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) such as prejudgment attachment (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">embargo preventivo<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) of the debtor\u2019s assets or filing an action to void a conveyance in fraud of creditors (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">acci\u00f3n revocatoria por fraude a acreedores<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b><i>Extinci\u00f3n de obligaciones<\/i><\/b><em><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (discharge of obligations)<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Obligations are generally discharged by payment or performance (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cumplimiento de la obligaci\u00f3n<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">), but there are other means of terminating obligations. To mention only a few, obligations may likewise be discharged by mutual agreement of the parties (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">extinci\u00f3n por mutuo disenso<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">). A supervening event may render performance impossible (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">imposibilidad sobrevenida de la prestaci\u00f3n<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">), or there may be a remission or forgiveness of the debt on the part of the creditor (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">condonaci\u00f3n de la deuda<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">). Last but not least, if the parties to the obligation are both mutually debtors and creditors, their debts may be offset against each other, i.e., there is a discharge of their obligations by setoff, known as in Spanish as <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">compensaci\u00f3n de deudas<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> or <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">extinci\u00f3n de las obligaciones por compensaci\u00f3n<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>(Coming in Part 3\u2014<\/b><b><i>Derecho de contratos<\/i><\/b><b>)<\/b><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>About the Author<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-879 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ata-divisions.org\/LawD\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/RJ-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"111\" height=\"154\" \/>Rebecca Jowers is a Spanish-English freelance legal translator and professor of Legal English in an LL.M. program (M\u00e1ster en Asesor\u00eda Jur\u00eddica de Empresas) at the Universidad Carlos III in Madrid, having previously worked as an in-house legal translator in the Elzaburu intellectual property law firm. She is the author of two reference works for translators and interpreters: L\u00e9xico tem\u00e1tico de terminolog\u00eda jur\u00eddica espa\u00f1ol-ingl\u00e9s and Diccionario de t\u00e9rminos y conceptos jur\u00eddicos espa\u00f1ol-ingles (Tirant lo Blanch, 2015, 2023), as well as a 300-entry blog on ES-EN legal terminology at <a href=\"https:\/\/rebeccajowers.com\">https:\/\/rebeccajowers.com<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Part 2\u2014Derecho de obligaciones By Rebecca Jowers A lawyer friend from the US once asked me, \u201cDerecho de obligaciones, that\u2019s the same as Derecho de contratos, right?\u201d Well, although closely related, no, Derecho de obligaciones is a specific and rather extensive area of civil law, and Spanish law school students must generally complete the course [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":895,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[272,259],"tags":[210,86,240,232,239],"class_list":{"0":"post-892","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-lawd-expert-insights","8":"category-lawd-members-posts","9":"tag-civil-law","10":"tag-legal-translation","11":"tag-obligations","12":"tag-spanish-civil-code","13":"tag-spanish-legal-translation","14":"entry"},"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/www.ata-divisions.org\/LawD\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/LawD-Blog-9.png","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ata-divisions.org\/LawD\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/892","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ata-divisions.org\/LawD\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ata-divisions.org\/LawD\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ata-divisions.org\/LawD\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ata-divisions.org\/LawD\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=892"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.ata-divisions.org\/LawD\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/892\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":897,"href":"https:\/\/www.ata-divisions.org\/LawD\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/892\/revisions\/897"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ata-divisions.org\/LawD\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/895"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.ata-divisions.org\/LawD\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=892"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ata-divisions.org\/LawD\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=892"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.ata-divisions.org\/LawD\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=892"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}